1. Scientific Revolution René Descartes 1596 - 1650 "Common sense is the best distributed commodity in the world, for every man is convinced that he is well supplied with it." "Cogito, ergo sum." (I think, therefore I am.)

2. The Scientific Revolution VS

3. Objectives ► Describe the new ideas of the Scientific Revolution ► Copernicus ► Brahe ► Kepler ► Galileo ► Explain how these new ideas threatened the beliefs and power of the Church

4. Before 1500 ► Where did ppl get their info about the world?  Ancient Greek or Roman philosophers/authors  The Bible ► What helped disseminate that info?  The printing press  Church  Schools/Universities  Ren/Ref/Exploration

5. Medieval Views The Geocentric Theory (Earth-centered)The Geocentric Theory (Earth-centered) Aristotle’s theoryAristotle’s theory planets revolved around immovable earthplanets revolved around immovable earth God placed Earth in center of universeGod placed Earth in center of universe Few people questioned these ideasFew people questioned these ideas  Why?

6. Ptolemy  Until mid-1500s  Ptolemy’s theory  Evidence to support Aristotle’s ideas  Earth was the center of universe  This theory matched the teachings of the Church.

7. Causes of the Sci Rev ► A few scholars published works  That challenged the church & old ideas  These ideas launched a change in thought ► What helped “cause” this change?

8. Causes of the Scientific Revolution ► Medieval Universities ► The Italian Renaissance  Renewed emphasis on mathematics  Renaissance – patronage ► Navigational problems of long sea voyages ► Better scientific instruments

9. Questions ► Who first suggested that the earth was the center of the universe? ► Who provided evidence to support this idea? ► List and explain 2 of the causes of the Scientific Revolution.

10. Changing Views of the Universe ► Period of time when people began to define sci. method & apply it to search for truth ► Caused: Scientific Awakening

11. ► Merged sci & techn  Use of mathematics  Experimentation ► Sci. separated from church philosophy  Basic ancient truths were questioned  Focus on physics, not ethics

12. New Views The Heliocentric Theory (Sun-centered)The Heliocentric Theory (Sun-centered) Copernicus’ theoryCopernicus’ theory Planets revolved around the sun Planets revolved around the sun 1 st new scientific theory in nearly 2,000 years1 st new scientific theory in nearly 2,000 years Others built on this ideaOthers built on this idea This angered church leaders.This angered church leaders. Why? Why?

13. Copernicus (1543)  Nicolaus Copernicus  Heliocentric  sun-centered, model of the universe.  Aim to glorify God

14. Tycho Brahe (Late 1500s)  Tycho Brahe  used observation  Provided mountains of evidence to support Copernicus’ theory.  Could not mathematically support it  Bridge b/w geo & helio

15. Tycho Brahe’s Model Sun at center of circles

16. Johannes Kepler (Early 1600s)  Johannes Kepler  Used Mathematics to support Brahe’s observations  each planet moved around the sun in an elliptical orbit

17. Galileo Galilei (Early 1600s)  Galileo Galilei  Early user of the experimental method  built a telescope and studied the heavens  His discoveries using the telescope  Moon had rough, uneven surface  Sun has dark spots

18. Galileo Galilei vs The Church  Confirmed the heliocentric model  caused an uproar  Galileo’s findings scared the church. Why?  Pope summoned him to Rome for trial  Under threat of torture  Read a confession  Admitted ideas of Copernicus were false.  Sentenced to house arrest & silence  1992 –Catholic Church accepted his beliefs

19. Questions ► Explain Copernicus’ theory. ► How do Brahe and Kepler support Copernicus’ ideas? ► How did Galileo extend the findings of the earlier scientists? ► Why doesn’t the church support Galileo’s ideas?

20. To Do ► Read pages 625 (bottom) -628  give a one sentence summary of the following scientists ► Vesalius ► Torricelli ► Bacon ► Descartes ► Boyle ► Janssen/Leeuwenhoek ► Fahrenheit/Celsius

21. Bell Work ► How does this quote describe the Scientific Revolution? “If I have seen farther than others, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.” --Newton

22. Objectives ► Describe scientific achievements of the Scientific Revolution  Bacon, Descartes, & Newton

23. Isaac Newton (Late 1600s) ► Argues for a universe governed by natural laws  Law of Inertia ► Something in motion tends to stay in motion  Law of Gravity ► Things tend to fall downward

24. 24 Scientific Advances Janssen invented the microscope Leeuwenhoek used microscope to see cells & microorganisms. Fahrenheit/Celsius used thermometers to measure temperature Torricelli used the barometer to measure atmospheric pressure to predict the weather Vesalius published the first accurate study of human anatomy. Descartes is the father of analytical geometry. Believed everything had to be proved by math. “I think, therefore I am.” Bacon is the father of the Scientific Method The 1500s & 1600s saw breakthroughs in many branches of science. 5

25. ScientistContributions Copernicus Challenged a basic theory Galileo Linked experiments & math Bacon Scientific Method Descartes Theoretical Science Newton Applied laws to the universe Scientific Awakening (Overview)

26. Consequences of the Sci. Rev. ► Rise of the “Scientific Community” ► The modern scientific method ► A universe ordered according to natural laws