1. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 1 CP Violation for the Heaven and the Earth February 6, 2009, Wine & Cheese Seminar, Fermilab — Sighting the 4th Generation ?

2. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 2 Can all this be understood from my vantage ?

3. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 3 I. Intro: the Heavenly Attraction  A K  t’ II.   A K    Problem — Z Penguin and t’ Loop  m B s sin 2  B s III.  m B s Measurement ➙ Prediction for sin 2  B s IV. Soaring to the Heavens : Enough CPV for BAU ? V. Direct Sighting @ Tevatron vs LHC VI. Conclusion: Know in 3-5 Years Outline WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRL’05; PRD’05; PRD’07; PRD’08 Belle, Nature, 452, 20 (2008) WSH, arXiv:0803.1234 [hep/ph] b → s // b ↔ s CPV

4. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 4 I. Intro: the Heavenly Attraction

5. Matter ! Matter Matter (?) Antimatter: 0%

6. CPV & BAU (& U): The Sakharov View Bang Us 13Byr Baryon Number V iolation CP Violation Deviation from Equilibrium Pair Annihilation (  Cosmic Microwave Background ) 10 -9 Matter left ! Equal Matter -Antimatter (1967)

7. Discovery Discovery of CP Violation Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 138 (1964) Sakharov Stimulated by... 1980 Nobel

8. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 8 Kobayashi-Maskawa Model (1973) ► ► d’d’ u WW –WW – JJ g W Charged Current, c, d s d′d′ s′s′ CC Purely Real Rotation s’s’

9. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 9 KM Model : 2 x 2 ➙ 3 x 3 3x3 Rotation ! d s d′d′ s′s′ CC d s b d′d′ s′s′ b′b′ CC t, b’b’ PLUS... 3 “Generations” ► ► d’d’ u WW –WW – JJ g W Charged Current, c,, s’, s’

10. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 10 Complex Dynamics: KM Sector of SM Unitary 3x3 “Rotation” Need presence of all 3 generations to exhibit CPV in Standard Model ► ► djdj uiui WW –WW – JJ g V ij W Wolfenstein parametrization

11. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 11 KM CPV Confirmed ~ 2001 “Nontrivial” the MOMA plot

12. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 12 "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics" discoverorigin "for the discovery of the origin of the predict broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 Photo: Universtity of ChicagoPhoto: KEK Photo: Kyoto University Yoichiro Nambu Makoto KobayashiToshihide Maskawa 1/2 of the prize 1/4 of the prize USA Japan Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) Tsukuba, Japan Kyoto Sangyo University; Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan b. 1921 (in Tokyo, Japan) b. 1944 b. 1940 CP Violation in SM 7 October 2008 B Factories (BaBar & Belle)

13. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 13 Unique CPV Phase: Common A rea of Triangle Wolfenstein Parametrization to O( 5 ) N.B. geometric picture

14. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 14 CPV CPV so far only observed in KM... Nontrivial CPV Phase: A (area) Nontrivial Jarlskog Invariant (1985) for CPV All like-charge quark pairs nondegenerate, Otherwise  Back to 2-gen. and CPV vanish

15. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 15 b  d transitions consistent with SM “Nontrivial” b  s : the Current Frontier the MOMA plot

16. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 16 A Real Hint !,... or Not !?

17. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 17 Belle 2008 Nature: Simple Bean Count   A K  = A K       A K      =  0.164  0.037 4.4    A K   = A K       A K      =  0.164  0.037 4.4   0.07  0.03 vs  0.094  0.020 Difference Is Large ! And Established Belle + BaBar (+ CDF) b → s CPV

18. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 18 Oblig é Dispair Unexpected !

19. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 19 the experimentalist

20. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 20 The Lore/Lure that Despairs the Experimenter

21. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 21 WMAP CPV in KM The Abyss: CPV in KM and B.A.U. Normalize by T ~ 100 GeV is common (unique) area of triangle in SM Masses too Small ! CPV Phase Jarlskog Invariant in SM3 (need 3 generation in KM) Small, but not Too small Too Small in SM EW Phase Transition Temperature The Lore ~ v.e.v.

22. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 22 Why Repeat ? “Flavor Problem” v.e.v. (u, d,) s, c, b quarks too light

23. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 23   A K  Wisdom from Peskin on   A K   P EW C “hadronic”, SLAC

24. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 24 “I must say that I am very skeptical that the new Belle result is new physics -- a larger than expected color suppressed amplitude is an explanation that is ready at hand. On the other hand, I felt that it was necessary to push the new physics interpretation when writing for the Nature audience, people outside of high energy physics, because this is why the result is potentially newsworthy.” M. Peskin (private communication) Ya, ya!   anyway ! Need   anyway ! Me keep crawlin ’... color suppressed

25. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 25 Mixing-dep. CPV in B d and B s in SM Mixing-dep. CPV in B d and B s in SM b → s → b → d Measured by Belle/BaBar in B d  J/   K S sin 2  B s ≃ – 0.04 in SM3 Measure in B s  J/    “possible only at LHCb” Recent Hint @ Tevatron Consistent with 4th generation   A K  Prediction from   A K   BSM w/o hadronic uncertainty iff iff true. So what !? The   Abyss... sin 2  B s sin 2  B s < 0 !! ( ≲ 3  )

26. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 26  A K  t’ II.   A K    Problem — Z Penguin and t’ Loop  S  K Just when   S   K “disappeared”... the Experimentalist

27. ICHEP 2004, Beijing A CP (B  K    ) A CP ( K    ) = 0.04  0.05  0.02 275M BB New K    : 728  53 Large EW penguin (Z 0 ) ? New Physics ? [also seen by BaBar] _d_d d  KK u u BB sb Sakai Saga Towards Belle Nature Paper... hint that A CP ( K    )  A CP ( K    ) ? (2.4  )

28. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 28 P EW Z ’ Belle 2004 PRL: Seed by “yours truly” Y. Chao, P. Chang et al.

29. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 29 _d_d d  KK u u BB sb Going Up a Hill... The Crawlin ’ of one Ant

30. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 30 My first B paper nondecoupling dimensions WSH, Willey, Soni <

31. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 31 Decoupling Thm: Heavy Masses are decoupled in QED/QCD ∵ ∵ Appear in Propagator Nondecoupling Q Nondecoupling: Yukawa Couplings Q Appear in Numerator Subtlety of Spont. Broken Gauge Theory dynamical Nondecoupling

32. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 32 Going Up a Hill... _d_d d  KK u u BB sb, t ’, t ’ Embark The Crawlin ’ of one Ant

33. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 33 EW Precision - Disfavored by EW Precision ( see e.g. J. Erler hep-ph/0604035; PDG06 4th Generation Still? - N counting? 4th “neutral lepton” heavy Massive neutrinos call for new Physics not 4th generation not in such great conflict with EWPrT Kribs, Plehn, Spannowsky, Tait, PRD ’ 07

34. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 34 This is Still the Standard Model

35. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 35 _d_d d  KK u u BB sb, t ’, t ’ t ➯ t, t ’ GIM Respecting Arhrib and WSH, EPJC’03 CPV Phase, t ’, t ’ Nondecoupling of t ’

36. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 36 EWP/Box Sensitivity to 4th Gen. nondecoupling QCD penguin EW penguin (No New Operators)  g less sensitive

37. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 37 _d_d d  KK u u BB sb, t ’, t ’ WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRL’ 05 LO PQCD ⊕ 4th Gen.   A  12% vs 15% (data)   A = A K  +     A K  +    ~ 15% and, t ’, t ’

38. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 38

39. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 39 _d_d d  KK u u BB sb t, t ’ WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRL’ 05 LO PQCD ⊕ 4th Gen.   A  12% vs 15% (data)   A = A K  +     A K  +    ~ 15% and NLO PQCD ⊕ 4th Gen.  A  15%  S   0.11 SM3 input consistent with data Joining C & P EW Both and in Right Direction ! AA SS WSH, Li, Mishima, Nagashima, PRL’07 Can Account for Belle/BaBar Direct CPV Difference

40. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 40 “Typical” CKM Matrix b  s 4 x 4 Unitarity ➯ Z/K Constraints x ~ 0.22 b  d Satisfy b  d: ✓ Cannot tell triangle from quadrangle WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD’05 s  bs  b Z  bb _ d  sd  s Nontrivial Extract Information from Constraints

41. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 41  m B s sin 2  B s III.  m B s Measurement ➙ Prediction for sin 2  B s the Experimentalist b ↔ s CPV

42. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 42 Mixing-dep. CPV in B d and B s in SM Mixing-dep. CPV in B d and B s in SM b → s → b → d Measured by Belle/BaBar in B d  J/   K S sin 2  B s ≃ – 0.04 in SM3 Measure in B s  J/   

43. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 43 Prediction: Large CPV in B s Mixing b → s Strength and Size of → b → d Despite  m B s, B (b  s ll ) SM-like WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD’07 sin 2  B s ~  0.5 to  0.7 No Hadronic Uncertainty... t, t ’  0.04 SM PRL’05

44. Large CPV in b ⇄ s George W.S. Hou (NTU) CDF/D0 4/12/07 44 B s Mixing vs B  X s ℓ  ℓ  Large CPV in B s Mixing different nondecoupl. functions

45. Large CPV in b ⇄ s George W.S. Hou (NTU) CDF/D0 4/12/07 45 Use nominal m t ’ = 300 GeV Change m t ’, Change parameter range Effect the Same. (Similar)

46. Large CPV in b ⇄ s George W.S. Hou (NTU) CDF/D0 4/12/07 46 Fixed r sb ➯ Narrow  sb Range destructive destructive with top For r sb ~ 0.02 – 0.03, [ V cb ~ 0.04  sb Range ~ 60 ° - 70 ° CPV Finite CPV Phase Consistent w/ B (b  s ll ) SM-like ! Large CPV Possible ! Despite  m B s, B (b  s ll ) SM-like CDF  range SM (high) HFAG  range r sb WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, hep-ph/0610385(PRD’07)

47. Large CPV in b ⇄ s George W.S. Hou (NTU) CDF/D0 4/12/07 47 Fixed r sb ➯ Narrow  sb Range destructive destructive with top For r sb ~ 0.02 – 0.03, [ V cb ~ 0.04  sb Range ~ 60 ° - 70 ° CPV Finite CPV Phase Consistent w/ B (b  s ll ) SM-like ! Large CPV Possible ! Despite  m B s, B (b  s ll ) SM-like CDF  range SM (high) HFAG  range r sb WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, hep-ph/0610385(PRD’07)

48. Large CPV in b ⇄ s George W.S. Hou (NTU) CDF/D0 4/12/07 48 Sign Predicted ! sin 2  B s ~  0.5 -  0.7 Despite  m B s, B (b  s ll ) SM-like CDF  range SM (high) r sb ? Large CPV in B s Mixing WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, hep-ph/0610385  A K ,  S Can Large CPV in B s Mixing Be Measured @ Tevatron ? Sure thing by LHCb ca. 2008 sin 2  B s ~  0.5 -  0.7

49. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 49 Fixed r sb ➯ Narrow  sb Range destructive destructive with top For r sb ~ 0.02 – 0.03, [ V cb ~ 0.04  sb Range ~ 60 ° - 70 ° CPV Finite CPV Phase B s Mixing Measured @ Tevatron in 4/2006 ? WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD’07 r sb CDF  range SM (high) sin 2  B s ~  0.5 -  0.7 Despite  m B s, B (b  s ll ) SM-like WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRL’05  0.04 SM Prediction: Large CPV in B s Mixing

50. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 50 Sure thing by LHCb ca. 2010 (?) Sign Predicted ! Despite  m B s, B (b  s ll ) SM-like CDF  range SM (high) r sb ?  A K ,  S WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRL’05 WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD’07 Can Large CPV in B s Mixing Be Measured @ Tevatron ? sin 2  B s ~  0.5 -  0.7  0.04 SM Prediction: Large CPV in B s Mixing

51. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 51 arXiv:0712.2397 [hep.ex] arXiv:0802.2255 [hep.ex] Further ICHEP’08 Updates (CDF/DØ/fitters) : Strengthen ! sin 2  B s ~  0.5 -  0.7 WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD’07 arXiv:0803.0659 [hep.ph] UTfit Incredible !!! sin 2  B s   0.64   0.16  0.14 3.7  ~2.8   ± ? (already in 05) PRL’08 PRL’08

52. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 52

53. CKM2008 - September 11, 2008D. Tonelli- Fermilab (Conservative) outlook % of CDF ‘clones’ that would observe a 5σ-effect, as a function of βs βsβs Probability of 5σ observation --- 8/fb (~2010) Assumptions Δ Γ s = 0.1 ps -1 Constant data-taking efficiency No analysis improvements. No external constraints (A SL, lifetimes) used. --- 6/fb (~2009) CDF future will probably be better than that. And DØ will contribute too. Observation by 2010 if Central Value Stays ! sin 2  B s =  sin  s = sin  s

54. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 54 A FB A FB (B  K*l + l  ) and Other Predictions sent to Backup

55. J.-T. Wei 2008/07/31 ICHEP2008 Instead flipped C 7... BABAR, arXiv:0804.4412 Preliminary 657M 386M W.-S. Hou, A. Hovhannisyan, and N. Mahajan, PRD 77, 014016 (2008) (=s/m B 2 =q 2 /m B 2 ) complex wilson coefficients SM 4th generation (SM4) 2fb -1 MC study of LHCb (~7000 K*ll events) Belle Deviation from SM3 ! ? SM3 SM4 arXiv:0810.0335

56. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 56 IV. Soaring to the Heavens : Enough CPV for BAU ? If... KM4

57. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 57 WMAP CPV in KM B.A.U. from CPV in KM ? Why? Jarlskog Invariant in SM3 (need 3 generation in KM) Normalize by T ~ 100 GeV masses too small ! is common (unique) area of triangle in SM CPV Phase Too Small in SM

58. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 58 CPV in KM B.A.U. from CPV in KM ? in SM CPV Phase If shift by One Generation in SM4 (need 3 generation in KM) Order 1 ~ 30 ~ 10  15 Gain Gain mostly in Large Yukawa Couplings ! WSH, arXiv:0803.1234 [hep/ph] Providence Nature would likely use this !? Enough CPV? Too Small in SM WMAP

59. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 59 CPV The Abyss between CPV in SM3 vs BAU Heaviness of t ’ and b ’ bridged in SM4 by Heaviness of t ’ and b ’ Why wasn’t this clearly pointed out in past 20 years ?

60. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 60 EW Precision - Disfavored by EW Precision ( see e.g. J. Erler hep-ph/0604035; PDG06 4th Generation Still? - N counting? 4th “neutrino” heavy Massive neutrinos call for new Physics not 4th generation not in such great conflict with EWPrT Kribs, Plehn, Spannowsky, Tait, PRD ’ 07 (To Me) CPV Source for BAU Overrides These Concerns !

61. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 61 Only Only fac. 30 in CPV per se ~ 10  15 Gain Gain mostly in Large Yukawa Couplings ! b → s → b → d 10  13 10  15 quadrangle from comprehensive study WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD05 This part will shrink a bit.

62. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 62 C PV for BAU: 2-3-4 Dominance Jarlskog’85, 3 generations Jarlskog’87, n generations “ 3 cycles ” also Gronau, Kfir, Loewy ’87 J (1,2,3) very small 4 generations: 3 indep. phases long and short d-s degenerate 2-3-4 generation only ! Effectively 3 generations (on v.e.v. scale) suppressed by m s, m c

63. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 63 1st Order EW Phase Trans. for BAU ? Ran out of time, and knowledge... Fok & Kribs: Not possible in 4th generation Conjecture: Could Strong Yukawa’s do it ? Beyond Unitarity Limit (perturbative) Not quite conclusive (?) 0803.1234 will appear in Chin. J. Phys. PRD’08

64. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 64 discover "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry symmetry in subatomic physics" "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" Thoughts on the other 1/2 Nobel Prize Photo: Universtity of ChicagoPhoto: KEK Photo: Kyoto University Yoichiro Nambu Makoto KobayashiToshihide Maskawa 1/2 of the prize 1/4 of the prize USA Japan Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) Tsukuba, Japan Kyoto Sangyo University; Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan b. 1921 (in Tokyo, Japan) b. 1944 b. 1940 SSB Could EWSB be due to b’ and t’ above unitarity bound ~ 500-600 GeV ? Bob Holdom: N – J-L [Bardeen, Hill, Lindner Gustavo Burdman: “Holographic” 4th gen.

65. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 65 V. Direct Sighting @ Tevatron vs LHC the Experimentalist

66. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 66 sin 2  B s “Evidence” by 2009 ? “Observe” by 2010 ? t ’ Search Ongoing: m t ’ > 311 GeV @ 95% CL Tevatron sin 2  B s “Confirmation” — “Easy” for LHCb b ’, t ’ Discovery — Straightforward/full terrain LHC Glimpse of agenda at CMS Tevatron/LHC Verification Unequivocal BSM... if true But when ?

67. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 67 b ’ t ’ Find b ’, t ’, or Rule Out @ LHC 4 th 4 th generation? — The jury is out … In era of LHC, can Directly Search for b’, t ’ Once and For All ! It’s a Duty. Strategy Considerations ( ) All Tools Well shielded training ground — All Tools ☞ Move on to Greener Pastures ~ in 2 years Publish early — Large Cross Section - If “Limits”, then easy to publish - If “Signal”, Lucked Out! Sighting Vision ~ Early ’ 06 Well shielded Publish early

68. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 68 b ’ Signatures For m b’ < m t +M W = 255 GeV b’  cW dominance b’  tW * dominance for sizable for suppressed Kinematic suppressed for m b’ ≲ 230 GeV For m b’ > m t +M W = 255 GeV b’  tW dominance; FCNC searchable tt(bar)WW → bb(bar)W  W  W  W  Initial discovery should consider b’  cW ~ b’  bZ, bH ~ b’  tW * cc(bar)WW; cWbZ; cWbH; tc(bar)WW * ; tt(bar)W * W * ; tW * bZ; tW * bH; Bonus !! Rich Signature 4 W’s + 2b’s Heavy Q related To EWSB ?

69. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 69

70. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 70 Limit to 480 GeV w/

71. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 71 VI. Conclusion: Know in 3-5 Years ~ 10  15 Gain 10  13 10  15 Even if O (1) Enough CPV for B.A.U. Maybe there is a 4th Generation ! Will Really Know in ~ 3–5 years ! Heaven on Earth ? @ LHC sin 2  B s @ Tevatron by 2010

72. CPV BAU Earth (EW + KM4) Universe (Genesis)

73. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 73 Backup

74. Dark Energy: ~70% Dark Matter: ~25% Matter (and More !!) Universe: No Antimatter Antimatter: 0% ~25% ! ~70% !

75. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 75 Heavenly TH “Affleck-Dine”, SUSY etc.: Extra Scalars (strongly) coupled to H 0 Leptogenesis: Heavy Majorana Neutrinos ⊕ LFV/CPV Decay ⊕ B/L Violation (“ EW Baryogenesis”) More Scalars!   Popular ! Driving   study for neutrinos. But, “ Heavenly ” — Could be(come) Metaphysics Scalars Let’s first find One Scalar.

76. ElectroMagnetism: Charge e is Real. “We” Understand: Gauge Charge is Real. How CP Violation Appears Complex Coupling Imagine a Complex Coupling : True, or, Possible, for Yukawa ( 湯川 ) Coupling of quarks/leptons to Higgs boson(s)... Quantum Interference Amplitude More Interesting Quantum Interference in Amplitude More Interesting i in Dynamics: Source of CPV (everyone can feel

77. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 77 CP Asymmetry needs both CP Conserv/Violating Phase Particle Process Anti Particle Process CP Violation Primer i QM i dyn

78. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 78 Experiment is Firm   A K  ~ 0 expected  0.097  0.012  0.050  0.025  0.147  0.028> 5   0.147  0.028 > 5  Why a Puzzle ? ? _d_d d  KK u u BB sb Large C ? Large EWPenguin ? A lot of (hadronic) finesse Need NP CPV Phase P EW has practically no weak phase in SM ? t, ? Baek, London, PLB653, 249 (2007) World

79. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 79 Experiment is Firm   A K  ~ 0 expected  0.097  0.012  0.050  0.025  0.147  0.028> 5   0.147  0.028 > 5  Why a Puzzle ? ? _d_d d  KK u u BB sb Large C ? Large EWPenguin ? A lot of (hadronic) finesse ? t, ? Baek, London, PLB653, 249 (2007) World Need NP CPV Phase P EW has practically no weak phase in SM t, t ’ 4th Gen. in EWP Natural nondecouplin g

80. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 80 On Boxes and Z Penguins GIM, charm,  K small   ’/  , K   (still waiting) heavy top, sin2    Z dominance for heavy top 1986  2002 Most Flavor/CPV learned from these diagrams/processes

81. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 81 GIM, charm,  K small   ’/  , K   (still waiting) heavy top, sin2    Z dominance for heavy top 1986  2002 All w/ 3-generations, Just wait if there’s a 4th D ! b’, t ’ @ LHC BsBsBsBs A FB Nondecoupling ∵ Large Yukawa ! On Boxes and Z Penguins

82.  m B s /  m D / A J/  K George W.S. Hou (NTU) ICHEP’06, 7/29/06 82 4 x 4 Unitarity ➯ Constraints We need to deal with mixing matrix in detail to keep Unitarity From b → s study SM3 Kaon b  s b  d impose Cross Check !

83.  m B s /  m D / A J/  K George W.S. Hou (NTU) ICHEP’06, 7/29/06 83 Constrain s  d from K Physics (J. Bijnens et al.) (E. Pallante et al.) Therefore…. well-satisfy ! “Standard” No SM3 solution (shaded )

84.  m B s /  m D / A J/  K George W.S. Hou (NTU) ICHEP’06, 7/29/06 84 well-satisfy Hard to tell apart (non-trivial) with present precision ∵ stringent s  d vs V ub ~ 0.01 e -i  Disfavored

85. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 85 A FB A FB (B  K*l + l  ) and Other Predictions sent to Backup

86. 229M 386M Ali, Mannel, Morozumi, PLB273, 505 (1991) (F L and) A FB (and A I ) favor the “opposite-sign C 7 model” (F L and) A FB (and A I ) favor the “opposite-sign C 7 model” Fourth Generation PRD 77, 014016 (2008) Quoted by Tsybychev at FPCP08 Eigen at FPCP08 349 fb -1 data: LHCb MC (2 fb  ) a: SM; b: 4 Gen. better

87. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 87 PDG06 m b ’ = 230 GeV 270 310 From 4 x 4 Unitarity x =  m/  ~ 1 - 3 plausible w/ Sizable (but not huge) CPV in Mixing ~  15% D Mixing (Short-distance Only) N.B. SM LD could generate y ~ 1%, x ≈ y [ Falk, Grossman, Ligeti, (Nir,) Petrov]

88. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 88 enhanced to or even higher !! In general larger than !! Implication for Rate could be enhanced by up to almost two orders !! Grossman-Nir Current E391A U.L. Very hard to measure SM3 ∵ Large CPV Phase

89. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 89 →→ b → d “Triangle” and b → s Quadrangle b → s → b → s Quadrangle  → Area ~ (  ) 30x b → d Triangle Strength and Size of negligible → b → d (almost Triangle) ~ SM3

90. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 90 Consistency and b  s  Predictions BR OK A CP ~ 0 far away beyond SuperB PDG ’06 SM3 Heavy t ’ effect decoupled for b  s 

91. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 91 Large Yukawa ! YuReKawa ! ca. late summer 2007 … The Eureka Moment Large t, t ’ Yukawa

92. CPV George W.S. Hou (NTU) Wine & Cheese, Feb 6, 2009 92 4 generations: 3 indep. phases b → s → b → d 4 generations: 3 indep. phases → b → s Quadrangle  → Area ~ (  ) 30x b → d Triangle (almost Triangle) If V us V ub shrinks to a point Difference in area b → s for b → s Small 2nd argument that is predominant CPV measured emergent