1. Classification of Living Things Review

2. total of _______________ in an ecosystem
REMEMBER
BIODIVERSITY
______________
total of _______________ in an ecosystem
___________
population of organisms that ____________
____________ and ________ with each
other
all the living things
SPECIES
share similar
can breed
characteristics

3. Biologists have identified and named over____________________ so far.
Estimates = between _____________ species yet be discovered
2 million species
2-100 million

4. WHY CLASSIFY? Identifies and names species
________________________________
Groups organisms in a logical manner

5. _______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms
TAXONOMY

6. Naming and organizing animals into groups with biological significance ______________
____________.
BIRD ?
helps make sense
of relationships
An animal with feathers

7. A good classification system: places organisms in a group ___ _________________________
with
other organisms that are similar

8. A good classification system:
Uses names that are ______
Can ______ as new data is discovered
Shows _____________ of organisms
UNIQUE
CHANGE
RELATIONSHIPS

9. The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher __________ more than 2000 years ago.
(300 B.C.)
ARISTOTLE

10. Aristotle’s system PLANTS: ANIMALS: _________ _________ _________
By: Riedell
PLANTS:
_________ _________
ANIMALS:
_________
Based on kind of stem
Based on where they lived

11. Common names can vary Example: ______________ ______________
. . . are all names for the same animal
mountain lion
puma
catamount
cougar
By using a _____________________________,
scientists can be sure they are discussing
the same organism
universally accepted scientific name

12. Common names vary ________ (English) Chipmunk
Streifenhornchen (______)
Tamia (______)
Ardilla listada (______)
Chipmunk
German
Italian
Spanish

13. Common names can be misleading
Ex: A ________ isn’t a fish,
but a _________ is!
jellyFISH
seaHORSE
Sea cucumber sounds like a _____ but… it’s an ______!
plant
animal

14. Common names can be misleading
In the United Kingdom,
________ refers to a ____
BUZZARD
hawk
In the United States,
________ refers to a ______.
BUZZARD
vulture

15. By mid 19th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing.
Scientists agreed to use ____________ to give a single name to each species.
Latin and Greek

16. Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis
EXAMPLE: RED OAK
Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis
“oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles”
PROBLEMS:
Names too hard and long to remember!
Different scientists described different
characteristics.

17. ________________ comes to the rescue!
Carolus Linnaeus
Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system
This system is still used today!
( )

18. Linnaeus’s System TAXONS BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 7 different taxonomic levels OR _________
The practice of assigning each
organism a two part scientific name
= _____________________________
TAXONS
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

19. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kids Prefer Cheese
Over
Fried
Green
Spinach
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

20. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Panthera
leo

28. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2-name naming system)
1st name = _______________
Always capitalized
GENUS NAME
SPECIES NAME
2nd name = _________________
Always lower case
UNDERLINED
Both names are ______________ or written in ____________.
ITALICS

29. GENUS = group of closely related species
(Includes many kinds of bears)
SPECIES = ______________________
GENUS = _____
Ursus
Ursus arctos
Ursus maritimus
Ursus americanis
unique to each kind of bear

30. Binomial nomenclature
Humans
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens

31. In a way, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they will ______!
Taxonomic groups are “invented” by scientists to group organisms with similar ___________.
MATE
characteristics

32. BUT. . .
which characteristics are MOST IMPORTANT?

33. dolphin
Should a ______ be grouped
with ____ because it ___
__________________?
OR with _______ because it
_______________________
for its young?
fish
has
fins and lives in water
mammals
breathes air and makes milk

34. Look at these 3 organisms:
BARNACLE
LIMPET
CRAB

35. Judging by
appearances you
would probably put
______ and _______
together in a group
and ____ in a different group.
BUT LOOKS can be deceiving!
limpets
barnacles
crabs

36. Look more closely! LIMPET BARNACLE CRAB
Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different.
Barnacles have jointed limbs.
Limpets DON’T !
Barnacles have a segmented body
Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.

37. Look more closely! LIMPET CRAB BARNACLE
Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar
Barnacles have jointed limbs.
So do CRABS !
Barnacles have a segmented body
Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.

38. Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are ________.
LIMPET SNAIL
Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are ________.
Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to ________
MOLLUSKS
MOLLUSKS

39. BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as ____________
CRUSTACEANS

40. All of the classification methods
discussed so far are based on
____________________________.
Even organisms with very different anatomies can share common traits.
EX: All living things use ______________to pass on information and control growth.
physical similarities and differences
DNA and RNA

41. GENES of many organisms show remarkable similarity at the _______
____.
_______________ can be used to help determine __________ and ________
__________ between organisms.
molecular
level
Similarities in DNA
classification
evolutionary
relationships

42. Humans have a gene that codes for a protein that helps our muscles move called __________
Researchers have found a gene in yeast that codes for a myosin protein, that enables internal cell parts to move.
MYOSIN

43. Most distantly-related
Most closely-related
to humans
Most distantly-related
to humans

44. evolutionary relationships how species have changed
Similarities in DNA can be used to help show ____________________ and ____________________.
evolutionary relationships
how species have changed
African vulture American vulture Stork
Traditionally these first two were
classified together in falcon family.
Storks were put in a separate family.

45. American vultures have a peculiar behavior
American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off
African vulture American vulture Stork
The only other bird that does this is the STORK.

46. recent common ancestor
DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a more ______________________ between storks and American vultures
recent common ancestor
African vulture American vulture Stork