1. Biology WarmUp: Copy ALL of these assignments into your binder Including dates, WarmUps, InClass assignments AND page numbers!
April 20
WarmUp: Agenda
InClass: Most missed questions
Poster Presentations: Affect of Latitude on Climate&Community Interactions
InClass: Guided Reading 18.2
In Class: How is a Cladogram Constructed? P453
Homework: Read 18.1
April 21(even)-22(odd)
WarmUp: Most-missed questions part 2
InClass: Using Dichotomous Keys Part A p462
Homework: Read 18.2
April 23(even)-24(odd)
WarmUp: Classification
InClass: Using Dichotomous Keys Part B p462
InClass: SVHS Tree key
Homework: Read 18.3

2. Biology
Chapter 18
Unit 18.1
Unit 18.2
Unit 18.3

3. Finding Order in Diversity
1.5 Million Species have been named.
There may be 2 or 100 million more!
Why Classify?
To study such diversity of life biologists use a classification system to
•name and
•group organisms in a
•logical manner

4. Teachers- biology teachers- IB Biology teachers
Why Classify? To study such diversity of life biologists use a classification system to: name and group organisms in a logical manner •Taxonomy- assigning each organism a universally accepted name
•Grouping- classification provides smaller and smaller groups in order to organize the diversity
Teachers- biology teachers- IB Biology teachers

5. Assigning Scientific Names Mountain lion? Puma? Cougar? Panther?
Why Classify? •Taxonomy- assigning each organism a universally accepted name •grouping- classification provides smaller and smaller groups in order to organize the diversity Teachers- biology teachers- IB Biology teachers
Assigning Scientific Names
Mountain lion?
Puma?
Cougar?
Panther?

6. Assigning Scientific Names Felis concolor
Why Classify? •Taxonomy- assigning each organism a universally accepted name •grouping- classification provides smaller and smaller groups in order to organize the diversity Teachers- biology teachers- IB Biology teachers
Assigning Scientific Names
Felis concolor
To avoid confusion caused by
regional names, biologists
use a classification system to
group organisms in a logical
manner and assign names

7. Assigning Scientific Names Felis concolor To avoid confusion caused by regional names, biologists use a classification system to group organisms in a logical manner and assign names
Early Efforts at Naming
Used physical characteristics
Oak with deeply divided leaves that have no hairs on their undersides and no teeth around their edges.
Names were too long and
Difficult to standardize

8. Binomial Nomenclature 18th century Swedish botanist, Linnaeus
Early Efforts at Naming Used physical characteristics Names were too long and Difficult to standardize
Binomial Nomenclature
18th century
Swedish botanist, Linnaeus
In binomial nomenclature is species is assigned a two-part scientific name

9. •First word is capitalized •second word is lowercased Ursus arctos
Binomial Nomenclature 18th century Swedish botanist, Linnaeus In binomial nomenclature each species is assigned a two-part scientific name •Always written in italics
•First word is capitalized
•second word is lowercased
Ursus arctos
Genus - group of closely related species
Species - unique to each species in genus. Latinized characteristic
Ursus arctos (horribilis)

10. Linnaeus's System of Classification
Binomial Nomenclature •Always written in italics •First word is capitalized •second word is lowercased Genus - group of closely related species Species - unique to each species in genus. Latinized characteristic
Linnaeus's System of Classification
Linnaeus’ system uses seven taxonomic categories
species
genus
family
order
class
phylum
kingdom

11. Linnaeus's System of Classification Linnaeus’ system uses seven taxonomic categories
species breeding population
genus group of closely related species
family genera that share many characteristics i.e.. Ursidae
order broad category of similar families i.e.. Carnivora
class similar orders i.e.. Mammalia
phylum very different organisms that share some important characteristics i.e.. Chordata
Kingdom Linnaeus named just two, plants and animals

12. Linnaeus's System of Classification
Black bear
Giant panda
Red fox
Grizzly bear
Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos

13. 18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification
Problems With Traditional Classification How would Linnaeus classify a dolphin?
with fish? or with mammals?
What about a barnacle, limpet, and crab?
Evolutionary Classification Darwin’s theory of evolution changed classification
Biologists now group organisms according to evidence of common evolutionary descent not just physical similarities.

14. 18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification
Problems With Traditional Classification How would Linnaeus classify a dolphin?
with fish? or with mammals?
What about a barnacle,
limpet, and crab?
Conical Shells
Appendages
Crab
Barnacle
Limpet
TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION

15. Evolutionary Classification Darwin’s theory of evolution changed classification Biologists now group organisms according to evidence of common evolutionary descent not just physical similarities.
species in the same genus should be more closely related to each other than to species of other genera.
Genera in the same family should be more closely related to each other than to genera in other families

16. Cladograms and Cladistic Analysis
Evolutionary Classification species in the same genus should be more closely related to each other than to species of other genera. Genera in the same family should be more closely related to each other than to genera in other families
This is what leads to a rethinking of how to classify crabs, limpets, and barnacles.
Cladograms and Cladistic Analysis

17. Cladograms and Cladistic Analysis
New characteristics that arise as a lineage changes over time.
Relatively newer characteristics are referred to as derived characters
Cladograms show evolutionary relationship among groups of organisms

18. Cladograms and Cladistic Analysis
New characteristics that arise as a lineage changes over time.
Relatively newer characteristics are referred to as derived characters
Cladograms show evolutionary relationship among groups of organisms
Crustaceans
Gastropod
Appendages
Conical Shells
Crab
Barnacle
Crab
Barnacle
Limpet
Limpet
Molted exoskeleton
Segmentation
TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION
Tiny free-swimming larva
CLADOGRAM

19. Cladograms and Cladistic Analysis
New characteristics that arise as a lineage changes over time.
Relatively newer characteristics are referred to as derived characters
Cladograms show evolutionary relationship among groups of organisms
QuickLab
How is a cladogram constructed? p453

20. Similarities in DNA and RNA
Very different organisms have common traits
ALL use DNA and RNA
much of which is VERY similar
The molecular similarities of organisms’ genes can be used to help determine classification.
This has changed many classifications
American Vultures look like African and Asian Vultures and had been classified together.
DNA evidence backed up other evidence classifying them with storks

21. Similarities in DNA and RNA Very different organisms have common traits ALL use DNA and RNA much of which is VERY similar The molecular similarities of organisms’ genes can be used to help determine classification. This has changed many classifications American Vultures look like African and Asian Vultures and had been classified together. DNA evidence backed up other evidence classifying them with storks
Molecular Clocks
Comparison of DNA of related species shows difference in DNA. Comparison of differences can show how long ago organisms diverged

22. Biology Warm Up: Cladistics
1. Copy the cladogram onto your paper. According to the cladogram, do flowering plants share a more recent common ancestor with ferns or mosses? Explain.
2. What derived characteristic do flowering plants, cone-bearing plants and ferns all have in common?
3. Based on the cladogram, which type of plants have vascular tissue and produce seeds, but do not have either flowers or fruit?

23. Biology Warm Up: Cladistics
1. According to the cladogram, do flowering plants share a more recent common ancestor with ferns or mosses? Explain.
Flowering plants share a more recent common
Ancestor with ferns
than with mosses

24. Biology Warm Up: Cladistics
2. What derived characteristic do flowering plants, cone-bearing plants and ferns all have in common?
Flowering plants, cone-bearing plants, and ferns all have vascular tissue

25. Biology Warm Up: Cladistics
3. Based on the cladogram, which type of plants have vascular tissue and produce seeds, but do not have either flowers or fruit?
But do not produce flowers or
fruit.
Cone-bearing plants
have vascular tissue and
produce seeds

26. 18.3 Kingdoms and Domains The “Tree of Life”
Linnaeus gave us two kingdoms, plants and animals
Where to put protists and bacteria?
What about fungi? What about prokaryotes?
Resulting five-kingdom system:
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Recently, Monera was split into two groups:
Eubacteria Archaebacteria
Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
See the table on page 458 of the text

27. 18.3 Kingdoms and Domains The “Tree of Life” Recently, Monera was split into two groups: Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia See the table on page 458 of the text
Three-Domain System
New taxonomic category - DOMAIN
larger than kingdom
Bacteria - Eubacteria
Archae- Archaebacteria
Eukarya- Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals

28. Three-Domain System New taxonomic category - DOMAIN
Three-Domain System New taxonomic category - DOMAIN larger than kingdom Bacteria - Eubacteria Archae- Archaebacteria Eukarya- Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
Domain Bacteria
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Thick rigid walls - peptidoglycan
Domain Archae
Unicellular Prokaryotic Most are anaerobic
No peptidoglycan

29. Domain Eukarya All organisms that have a nucleus
Protista Organisms that are not Fungi, Plants, or Animals
Many, but not all are unicellular
Some are photosynthetic
Fungi
Heterotrophs - feed on dead or decaying matter
Secrete digestive enzymes
Most are multicellular
Plantae multicellular plants - photosynthetic
Nonmotile Have cell walls
Animalia Multicellular heterotrophic
Motile at least part of their life