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Classification 8a Define taxonomy and recognize the importance of a standardized taxonomic system 8b Categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification.

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Presentation on theme: "Classification 8a Define taxonomy and recognize the importance of a standardized taxonomic system 8b Categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification."— Presentation transcript:

1 Classification 8a Define taxonomy and recognize the importance of a standardized taxonomic system 8b Categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences shared among groups 8c Compare characteristics of taxonomic groups including archaea, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants and animals

2 What’s my name? Mountain lion Cougar Puma Panther Catamount

3 Taxonomy the naming, describing, and classifying organisms based on characteristics

4 Carolus Linnaeus Father of taxonomy

5 Binomial Nomenclature
formal system of naming organisms by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin

6 Scientific Names The first word is the organism’s Genus (closely related species) The second word is the organism’s species Genus species

7 Homo sapiens

8 Felis concolor

9 Liquidambar styraciflua

10 Canis lupus

11 Linnaeus’s System of Classification:
Flowchart Linnaeus’s System of Classification: General to Specific Section 18-1 Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

12

13

14 Why classify? To group organisms according to similarities
To name organisms in a way that all scientists across the world can communicate (to get around language barriers)

15 But scientific names can change…
With new discoveries, we can re-classify organisms “Chinese tallow tree” changed from Sapium sebiferum toTriadica sebifera

16 Modern Evolutionary Classification
The old Linnaeus way of using visible physical similarities puts organisms that are very different in the same groups. So, now organisms are grouped according to characteristics that show common ancestry. Phylogeny – the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms. All members of a genus share a recent common ancestor.

17 Example: Barnacles and Limpets

18 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES
Traditional Classification Versus Cladogram pg. 452 Appendages Conical Shells Crustaceans Gastropod Crab Barnacle Limpet Crab Barnacle Limpet Molted exoskeleton Segmentation Tiny free-swimming larva CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES CLADOGRAM

19 Example: Barnacles and Limpets
Adult barnacles look and act like limpets. Limpets have similar insides to a snail and don’t shed their shells like a snail – mollusks. Barnacles have similar anatomy and development to crabs – crustaceans. So, barnacles are grouped with crabs and limpets are grouped with snails.

20

21 Cladogram diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among organisms

22 The closer together in a relational “line” the organisms are, the more closely they are related (the more recent their common ancestor) The more similar the DNA the more recently they shared a common ancestor and the more closely they are related.

23 Derived Character trait that is shared by organisms with a recent common ancestor

24 Clade Group consisting of its ancestor and all its descendants

25

26 Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and Three Domains, pg. 460
DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia DOMAIN BACTERIA

27 http://ccl. northwestern

28 Figure 3 ___ Egg shells ___ Cells ___ Mammary glands ___ Feathers ___ Lungs ___ Four limbs D A F E C B

29 Dichotomous Key Series of ordered steps you follow to ID an organism
To use, you read both options, decide which variation is best, and move on to the next step.

30

31 Review Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

32 Review Unicelluar vs. Multicellular

33 Review Autotroph vs. Heterotroph

34

35 3 Domains Recently, new discoveries at the molecular level of organisms have caused a new way to categorize: domains. Eukarya – protists, fungi, plants, and animals Bacteria – same as eubacteria Archaea – same as archaebacteria

36 The 6 Kingdoms Eubacteria – normal bacteria (strep, E. coli)
Archaebacteria – bacteria that live in extreme conditions and are usually anaerobic (hot springs, black mud, etc.) Protista – most microorganisms (one or only few cells) Fungi – mushrooms, yeasts, mold Plantae – plants Animalia - animals

37 Eubacteria Common term: bacteria Cell type: prokaryote
# of cells: unicellular Cell walls: present; with peptidoglycan Type of nutrition: autotroph or heterotroph

38 Eubacteria Examples E. coli Streptococcus

39 Archaebacteria Common term: none, this is a rare type of organism that lives in extreme places like hot springs Cell type: prokaryote # of cells: unicellular Cell walls: present; without peptidoglycan Type of nutrition: autotroph or heterotroph

40 Archaebacteria Examples Halobacterum (loves salt)
Thermoproteus (likes hot water)

41 Protista Common terms: protists or single-celled organisms
Cell type: eukaryote # of cells: most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Cell walls: some have cellulose cell walls and chloroplasts Type of nutrition: autotroph or heterotroph

42 Protista Poorly classified group (basically, if an organsisms doesn’t fit anywhere else, they put it here Examples Amoeba Paramecium Algae

43 Fungi Common term: fungus Cell type: eukaryote
# of cells: most multicellular; some unicellular Cell walls: present; made of chitin Type of nutrition: heterotroph

44 Fungi Examples Mushrooms Yeast Mold

45 Plantae Common term: plant Cell type: eukaryote
# of cells: multicellular Cell walls: present; made of cellulose; chloroplasts present Type of nutrition: autotroph (use photosynthesis)

46 Plantae Examples Mosses Ferns Pine trees Flowering plants Grass

47

48 Animalia Common term: animal Cell type: eukaryote
# of cells: multicellular Cell walls: no cell wall or chloroplasts Type of nutrition: heterotroph

49 Animalia Examples Sponge Insects Spiders Fish Birds Reptiles Mammals

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