1. SYST460
NAVIGATION

2. OBJECTIVES By the end of this session, you will:
Know terminology related to pilot aircraft navigation (Charts, Navigation icons, navigation equipment and techniques)
Know underlying principles of navigation (true/magnetic, dead-reckoning, triangulation, wind correction angle…)
Be able to perform manual navigation tasks (position fixing)

3. Class Overview
Basics - General Concepts (VFR vs. IFR, Airspace, Basic Nav. calculations)
Types of navigation
Pilotage
Dead-reckoning
Radio Navigation
Flying the navigation
Pre Flight preparation
Corrections
Some Navigation Instruments
Non-directional Radio Beacon (NDB)
Very High Frequency Omni-range Radio (VOR)
Distance-Measuring Equipment (DME)
Inertial Navigation
Inertial Navigation System (INS)
Satellite Navigation Systems
Global Positioning System (GPS)

4. Overview - Radio Navigation
Non-directional Radio Beacon (NDB)
“Here I am”
Only at airports
Very High Frequency Omni-range Radio (VOR)
“Here I am & this is the coursefrom me to you”
At airports and on routes between airports
Distance-Measuring Equipment (DME)
“Here I am & this is the distance from me to you”
Inertial Navigation System (INS)
“This is your latitude, longitude, groundpseed, …”
Accelerometers exhibit drift over time
Global Positioning System (GPS)
This is your latitude, longitude, groundspeed, …

5. Basics – Flight Rules

6. Basics-Airspaces

7. Basics-Charts Sectional VFR Charts
Airports and Airports Data
Listen to AWOS: Tune in, press three times
Morse Code:
Practice: Frankfort Airport – See Handout

8. Basics-Direction Definition: True vs. Magnetic North
Course: Intended track
Heading: A/C Fore-aft axis
Track : Track made good
True vs. Magnetic North
Detection - Magnetic Compass: Freely suspended magnet

9. Direction (cont.) Variation (Isogonal lines)
Deviation (Aircraft Magnetism)
True to Magnetic to Compass
East is Least and West is Best
Find the Aircraft relative to True North. Apply Variation  Mag heading.
Find Deviation  apply Compass Heading
True Course 100°, V= 8° W, D= 2°W
What is CH?

10. Triangle of Velocities
Components:
Air Vector (HDG, TAS)
Wind Vector (Dir, Speed)
Ground Vector (Track, GS)
Air Vector + Wind Vector = Ground Vector
Drift vs Crab angle:
Left (Port)
Right (Starboard)
Law of cosines
Law of sines
HDG/TAS
Track/GS
Dir/V
Left Drift
Cosine formula: gama is |HDG-W|

11. Triangle of Velocities- Example 1

12. Example 1 – Law of Cosine TAS= 200 kts, HDG 100 GS= 207 kts
Wind 020/25
Corrected Heading= Intended Track + Drift
 Corrected Heading = 107

13. Double Drift Correction Angle
Wind Corrections
Less than ½ distance
Double Drift Correction Angle
More than ½ distance
Crab Angle
Fly HDG 080°
Intended Track= 070
After 10 min,
Drift 5° to the left
After 10 more min,
Fly HDG 075 °
Figure out the angle to the other end and sum
4°+ 5°= 9°
 Fly HDG 079°
After 20 min,
Drift 2° to the left
Intended Track= 070

14. Practice HDG Correction
Intended track: 160°
Total leg time: 25 min
1st Checkpoint after 8 minutes, you are 7° Right (starboard)
Questions:
What technique you need to use?
What is your Corrected heading? Do you need to change it again before your arrival point? If yes, give new heading.

15. Types of Navigation Pilotage Dead-reckoning Radio Navigation:
Landmarks
Beacons (Bonfires)
Dead-reckoning
Planning
Flying the navigation/ Adjustments
Radio Navigation:
Ground based:
NDB
VOR
DME
Aircraft Based: INS
Satellite Based: GPS

16. Flight Preparation: METAR : Meteorological Aviation Reports
TAF: Terminal Weather Forecast
Winds Aloft:
NOTAMS: Note to Airman

17. Navigation Log Check points
Find/Decide: Course, Altitude, Wind/Temp, CAS, Leg
Work out: TAS,TC, TH, MH,CH, GS, ETE, ETA, Fuel
More on NAV Log:
WX: METAR/TAF and Winds aloft
CAS to TAS: CRP5
TC to TH: CRP5
TH to MH to Comapss: Variation, Deviation
GS: CRP5
ETE: GS and leg
ETA: ETE +Expected time of Dep
Fuel Burnt:

18. Aircraft Instrument -Magnetic Compass
General
Errors:
Acceleration
Turing

19. Aircraft Instruments –Heading Indicator
Heading indicator uses spinning gyroscope
Initialized prior to takeoff using compass rose
Includes a TO or FROM indication
Subject to drift, must be reset during flight (S&L)
Possible inaccuracies:
Initialization errors
Internal bearing friction
(Real wander)
Drift (transport wander)
Mechanical failures (dust, moisture, joints…)
Gyro: Talk about RPM/precession/rigidity.
Space tied vs. Mag field tied

20. Electronic Navigation –Non-Directional Beacon
NDB transmits radio signal
Omni-directional signal
Low-medium frequency (190 –540 kHz)
Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) on aircraft
Displays (relative) bearing to the NDB
Nowadays, located at smaller airports as instrument approach aids

21. NDB Navigation Relative Bearing Indicator (Clockwise)
Relative Bearing to the station 340
Note: A/C not necessarily heading N
Heading 015
QDM= = 355
QDR = 175 (Reciprocal)
Homing

22. NDB Navigation- Homing

23. NDB Navigation- Interception
Inbound
Outbound
Actual Interception:
S- Select: Dial in NDB frequency
I- Identify: Check Morse Code
D- Display: Check Flags, RBI
3 Steps:
Visualize the aircraft’s position
Intercept the desired course
Maintain the course to or from the station

24. NDB LOP Interception- Inbound
Intercept 55°  Look for RBI indication 305°

25. NDB LOP Interception- Outbound
Magnetic Heading 125
Relative Bearing 100
Where is the NDB Station?

26. NDB Interception- Outbound
Interception angle 75 °. Wait until RBI shows 175 ° and Turn (or 170 ° to include 5̊ ° anticipation)

27. Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Radio Range
VOR
Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Radio Range
Ground Station
Aerial in small aircraft
Display
HSI
Navigation Display

28. VOR- Operation VOR emits two modulations, A/C eq. senses the phase.
VOR transmits two signals:
Reference signal (constant in all
directions)
Variable-phase signal (phase
varies with azimuth)
VOR Course is determined by
difference in phase between Reference
and Variable-phase signals
At Magnetic North, Variable-phase is
in phase with Reference signal
At Magnetic South, Variable-phase is 180 out of phase with Reference signal

29. VOR Service Volume High-altitude VORs Low-altitude VORs
Frequency to mHz
200 nautical mile range, between 18,000 and 60,000 feet
Low-altitude VORs
Frequency to
40 nautical mile range, below 18,000 feet
Terminal VORs (TVOR)
2.5 nautical mile range
Qs: lo more accurate

30. Cone of Confusion

31. VOR Navigation Using VOR in Cockpit : SID
S- Select: Dial in VOR frequency
I- Identify: Check Morse Code
D- Display:
Check for flags,
Dial in desired VOR course using Omni-bearing Selector (OBS)
Device shows TO or FROM flag
Device shows if aircraft to the left or right of desired course (OBS course)
Known as (lateral) deviation indicator

32. Display

34. VOR Navigation- HSI
Give Example with
Heading
Required QDR/QDM

35. High/Low Altitude, Terminal VORs Errors
Theta-Theta Position Computation
Pilot obtain bearing from two VORs
Plot lines from each VOR
Intersection is location of aircraft
Best VOR geometry is 90
VOR receiver accurate to +/-6
Smallest intersection area is when VORs at right angles
VORAVORB270Radial180RadialVOR

36. Distance Measuring Equipment - DME
Provides Pilot with Slant Distance
Coupled with VOR
Principle of operation:
Frequency :
Airborne interrogator : 1025 Mhz – 1150 Mhz
Ground based transponder : and 1051 – 1213 Mhz
1 nm= 6076 ft
45,000 ft = 7.4 nm
Range= 1

37. DME Uses Position Fixing Flying the Arc: Radial 240, 20 nm
Class Exercise:
An aircraft flying at ft with an indicated DME of 175 nm. What is the true range?
An aircraft overflying a DME at ft. What is the DME reading?

38. Position Fixing VOR Radials: Theta/Theta Radials from 195 ADB VOR
ABD VOR
120.30
VOR Radials: Theta/Theta
Radials from 195 ADB VOR
and 090 from MIC VOR

39. Position Fix
Theta/Rho
Radial 240, 20 nm

49. Homework
Using the two different methods of position fixing, locate the city Veedersburg (Red Circle)
Note: use 1 deg of latitude = 1 nm
2. Navigation Log:
Assume you are taking off from Danville Airport and going to Frankfurt. Fill out an according Navigation Log.
Disregard NOTAM
Fuel consumption 18gallons/hr
IAS=150 kts

50. 3. Given: Heading 270, TAS 230 kt, Wind 210/42
What is the direction of the drift, and that of the crab angle?
Use the laws of sines and cosines to determine Ground Speed and Track
4. Disregarding wind, what is the compass heading if your true course is 230, Variation is 7W and Deviation is 3E?
5. What’s the difference between a VOR and an NDB?

51. It is the End of the Session
You should:
Know terminology related to pilot aircraft navigation (Charts, Navigation icons, navigation equipment and techniques…)
Know underlying principles of navigation (true/magnetic, pilotage/dead-reckoning, triangulation)
Be able to perform manual navigation tasks (position fixing)
If any of the above is not clear: