1. Michigan Native Plants to Provide Resources for Beneficial Insects Anna Fiedler, Doug Landis Julianna Tuell, Rufus Isaacs Dept. of Entomology, Michigan State University

2. PrairieOak savanna Historical Michigan Landscapes Provide - Biodiversity - Pest suppression - Pollination

3. Michigan Agricultural Landscapes Annual crops Orchards Provide - Biodiversity - Pest suppression - Pollination

4. Use native plants to provide beneficial insects with nectar and pollen. Decrease pesticide use and increase pollination. Project Goals

5. What is a Beneficial Insect? Predators: both young and adults feed directly on other insects. Parasitoids: develop on or in one host insect, emerge as adult, eventually killing host. Bees, other insects: pollinate flowers while collecting nectar and pollen; increase crop yields. Natural enemies Pollinators What is a beneficial insect?

6. Alternate host/prey Shelter Moderated microclimates In-season refuges Overwintering sites Nesting sites Food Nectar Pollen Beneficial Insect Requirements

7. Benefits –Reliable seed or plant sources –Large agronomic database –Prolific/sustained floral display –Previous success in other locales Disadvantages –Do not enhance native biodiversity –Potentially invasive Exotic Plants

8. Benefits –Enhance native biodiversity –Re-creation of imperiled habitats –Less likely to be invasive –Adapted to local climate –Habitat permanency Disadvantages –Greater initial cost –Longer establishment time Native Plants

9. Bloom Timing of Native Plants Attractive to Beneficial Insects

10. Natural enemies: chalcid wasps Bees: sweat bees and small carpenter bees Bloom: mid-late May Wild strawberry (Fragaria virginiana)

11. Bees: yellow-faced bees, digger bees, sweat bees, and cuckoo bees Natural enemies: chalcid wasps, dance flies Golden alexanders (Zizia aurea) Bloom: late May - mid June

12. Bees: sweat bees Natural enemies: minute pirate bug, dance flies, chalcid wasps Canada anemone (Anemone canadensis) Bloom: throughout June

13. Bees: large carpenter bees, small carpenter bees, and bumble bees Natural enemies: chalcid wasps and minute pirate bug Penstemon (Penstemon hirsutus) Bloom: late May - mid June

14. Bees: sweat bees Natural enemies: chalcid wasps, dance flies, minute pirate bug Angelica (Angelica atropurpurea) Bloom: early June

15. Bees: yellow-faced bees and sweat bees Natural enemies: chalcid wasps and minute pirate bug Common cowparsnip (Heracleum maximum) Bloom: mid June

16. Bees: sweat bees Natural enemies: minute pirate bug and predatory thrips Sand coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata) Bloom: June - August

17. Bees: yellow-faced bees and sweat bees Natural enemies: minute pirate bug, chalcid wasps, spiders, dance flies Shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa) Bloom: July - September

18. Bees: yellow-faced bees and sweat bees Natural enemies: dance flies, chalcid wasps, crab spiders, lady beetles Indian hemp (Apocynum cannabinum) Bloom: late June - July

19. Bees: yellow-faced bees, sweat bees, and bumble bees Late figwort (Scrophularia marilandica) Bloom: late July – early August Range dry Moisture wet Range Sunlight sunshade Natural enemies: dance flies

20. Natural enemies: chalcid wasps, dance flies Bees: yellow-faced bees, sweat bees, and large carpenter bees; also highly attractive to honey bees Swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) Bloom: mid July – mid August Range Sunlight sunshade Range dry Moisture wet

21. Bees: sweat bees, small carpenter bees, and bumble bees; also highly attractive to honey bees Natural enemies: minute pirate bug Culver’s-Root (Veronicastrum virginicum) Bloom: late July – early August Range dry Moisture wet Range Sunlight sunshade

22. Bees: sweat bees, digger bees, cuckoo bees, small and large carpenter bees, and bumble bees Natural enemies: chalcid wasps, minute pirate bug, spiders Yellow coneflower (Ratibida pinnata) Bloom: late July - mid August

23. Bees: sweat bees and bumble bees; also highly attractive to honey bees Natural enemies: minute pirate bug, crab spiders Nodding wild onion (Allium cernuum) Bloom: throughout August Range dry Sunlight Moisture wet Range sunshade

24. Bees: yellow-faced bees, digger bees, sweat bees, and bumble bees Natural enemies: minute pirate bug and chalcid wasps Meadowsweet (Spiraea alba) Bloom: throughout August

25. Bees: yellow-faced bees, sweat bees, and bumble bees Natural enemies: minute pirate bug, predatory plant bug, spiders, dance flies, chalcid wasps Yellow giant hyssop (Agastache nepetoides) Bloom: throughout August

26. Bees: large carpenter bees, digger bees, and bumble bees Natural enemies: soldier beetle, predatory plant bug Horsemint (Monarda punctata) Bloom: throughout August

27. Bees: sweat bees, leafcutter bees, cuckoo bees, small carpenter bees, and bumble bees Natural enemies: chalcid wasps Ironweed (Vernonia missurica) Bloom: throughout August

28. Bees: sweat bees, leafcutter bees, small carpenter bees, digger bees, and bumble bees Natural enemies: chalcid wasps, minute pirate bug, soldier beetle, predatory plant bug Cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum) Bloom: throughout August

29. Bees: sweat bees, digger bees, and bumble bees Natural enemies: minute pirate bug, chalcid wasps, soldier beetle Pale Indian plantain (Cacalia atriplicifolia) Bloom: throughout August Range Sunlight sunshade Range dry Moisture wet

30. Bees: sweat bees, small carpenter bees, digger bees, and bumble bees Natural enemies: minute pirate bug, predatory plant bug, chalcid wasps, soldier beetle, spiders Common boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) Bloom: August – early September

31. Bees: yellow-faced bees, sweat bees, small carpenter bees, and bumble bees Natural enemies: minute pirate bug, chalcid wasps, soldier beetle, lady beetles, predatory plant bug Blue lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica) Bloom: August – early September

32. Bees: sweat bees, digger bees, and bumble bees Natural enemies: chalcid wasps, soldier beetle, minute pirate bug, crab spiders Pale-leaved sunflower(Helianthus strumosus) Bloom: August – early September

33. Bees: yellow-faced bees, Andrenid bees, sweat bees, small and large carpenter bees, digger bees, and bumble bees; also highly attractive to honey bees Natural enemies: minute pirate bug, chalcid wasps, paper wasps, lady beetles Riddell’s goldenrod (Solidago riddellii) Bloom: throughout September NOTE: Showy goldenrod (S. speciosa) was also tested, and had a similar number of bees and fewer natural enemies.

34. Bees: digger bees, sweat bees, small carpenter bees, and bumble bees Natural enemies: chalcid wasps and dance flies New England aster (Aster novae-angliae) Bloom: throughout September

35. Bees: sweat bees and bumble bees Natural enemies: minute pirate bug, spiders, chalcid wasps Smooth aster (Aster laevis) Bloom: mid September – early October

36. Native grasses Grow in native prairie habitat, where they 1. Provide structural support for wildflowers 2. Fill in gaps that wildflowers can’t early in establishment, decreasing weed pressure 3. Have root systems of different depths that complement wildflowers Heidi Natura, Conservation Research Institute

37. Canada wild rye (Elymus canadensis)

38. Little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius)

39. Switch grass (Panicum virgatum)

40. Acknowledgements For more information: http://ipm.msu.edu/plants/home.htm Funding: Bill Schneider and WILDTYPE Design, Native Plants & Seed Ltd: native plants and expertise For photos of native plants: contact Anna Fiedler