1. Where Surnames Come From (From Bill Bryson’s “Mother Tongue”) Alan D. DeSantis

2. No Last Name Needed For most of history, there was no need for surnames/last names Two “Peters” living in the same town would be given second names to distinguish them

3. Bureaucracy Changes Everything! Two events in England led to the creation and use of last names: –1) –2) These two pieces of medieval bureaucracy meant

4. Four Sources British surnames (family names) have four main sources: –1) –2) –3) –4)

5. I. Many were identified by their occupations

6. I. Occupations NameMeaning Archer Barber Brewer Bowman Bishop Butcher Baker Carpenter Fletcher Clark Wright –

7. I. Occupations NameMeaning Hall Forrester Fuller Miller Shepherd Smith Taylor Turner King Bush-

8. What about Church names? Keeping in mind that Catholic priests took pledges of celibacy, how did names like Bishop, Monk, Priest, Pope, or Prior survive?

9. The Same Throughout Europe Tracing non-English names is not so easy, but with a little translation, they too make sense.

10. II. Others were named for where they lived or a geographical landmark identified with them

11. II. Places NameMeaning Devon Allen Atwater French Lincoln Kent Preston

12. II. Places NameMeaning Scott Underwood Moore Wood Ash or Oak Walsh Street or Lane

13. Why not more Londons? (or Farmers) If everyone from London was known as “London,” surnames would be useless Consequently, only people who left London were named for the city –“Peter from London” or Peter London

14. III. Some were named after a distinguishing characteristic

15. Nicknames NameMeaning Armstrong Boyd Campbell Goldwater Cox Brown Kennedy Morgan Russell Whistler Whitehead Tolstoy Machiavelli Cicero

16. IV. Finally, many were identified by their family relationships

17. Relations NameMeaning Johnson Robinson MacDonald O'Connor Thompson Young Johansson Jackson Brothers

18. First Names as Last Names If you have a first name as a last name, the “son” has probably been dropped.

19. V. Difficulties in identifying some last names and their origins

20. A. What About Tracing African American Names? Question: –How do African Americans trace their African names? Answer: –They can’t! –African slaves were stripped of their surnames Last names come from 4 different sources: 1) 2) 3) 4)

21. B. What About Non-English Names? All of our accentors were immigrants –Except full-blooded native Americans, of course Many (non-English) immigrants’ names were changed & simplified at their Port of Entries –Pfoersching to Pershing –Wistinghausen to Westinghouse –Pappadimitracoupolos to Pappas –Niewhuis to Newhouse –Kuiper to Cooper –Krankheit to Cronkite

22. C. Creative Spelling of Names Until the late 1600s, there were no codified rules for spelling Spelling was individualized, idiosyncratic, and creative Consequently, “Hill” was spelled “Hull,” “Hall,” & “Holl” depending on one’s dialect and pronunciation