1. Chapter 5 Jigsaw

2. Group 1: Language & Literature Latin was the language of educated people and other people spoke vernacular languages Vernacular Language is Latin slang. (Italian, French, German, English, Spanish) Troubadour’s songs were one of the 1 st forms of vernacular literature Troubadours were traveling singers who wrote poems about love Fables, romances, short comic stories, epics, and dramas were all forms of vernacular literature Dante Alighieri thought as father of Italian language for his poems written in Tuscany, The Divine Comedy is known as his greatest work Geoffrey Chaucer’s writing and imagination had a great influence on literary styles and approaches, his most famous work is The Canterbury Tales, later writers followed his examples

3. #2 Education Very few received an education, mostly only nobles and clergy did. Males who paid a fee were admitted to an education Were taught grammar and rhetoric As cities grew in population more schools developed Guilds were developed to protected and gain rights for students and teachers By late 1200’s four main Universities had been developed in Europe By 1400’s more Universities throughout Europe were developed

4. Degrees Students were able to receive a Bachelor’s of art degree if had passed stages of study After Bachelors degree, a student could earn their Masters of art degree, which would make them eligible to teach, or go on and study more

5. Philosophy Scholasticism- An attempt to bring together faith and reason. Peter Abelard- An important philosopher of scholasticism. He taught in Paris in the 1100s. He wrote a book called Sic et Non (“Yes and No”) which raised questions about the church’s teachings. Thomas Aquinas- He was probably the greatest Dominican monk philosopher. His Summa Theologiae summarized medieval Christian thought. His most famous arguments was his rational proof of the existence of God.

6. Science The Bible and the churches were the only main sources of information about the world. Only two subjects received serious attention: mathematics and optics, the study of light. Europeans designed better winches, pulleys, iron plows, oxygen yokes, windmills, and waterwheels to make life easier.

7. Philosophy Scholasticism- An attempt to bring together faith and reason. Peter Abelard- An important philosopher of scholasticism. He taught in Paris in the 1100s. He wrote a book called Sic et Non (“Yes and No”) which raised questions about the church’s teachings. Thomas Aquinas- He was probably the greatest Dominican monk philosopher. His Summa Theologiae summarized medieval Christian thought. His most famous arguments was his rational proof of the existence of God.

8. Architecture Between about 1000 and 1150, most architects followed the Romanesque style Many people did not like it so they called it Gothic Everything in Gothic churches- pointed arches, tall spires, and high walls-reached toward heaven Gothic cathedrals were built in many parts of Europe and continued in stages for about a century thereafter Stained glass windows set high in the walls, filled the inside of the churches with light

9. 5.) ENGLAND England’s feudal lords had lost much of their power to the king. Series of conflicts between England and France caused the hundred years war (1337-1453). The Hundred Year war introduced new weapon's and types of warfare like the long bow which could hit a target 200 feet away. The war of roses was a war for the throne of England between the York and the Lancaster families. Parliament gained a lot of power over the king during the hundred years war to the point of all taxes having to pass through them. A strong monarchy was set up only after the two wars were done

10. 6: FRANCE During the Hundred Years’ War, France suffered more than England because it took place on French soil. A fight for power broke out within the royal family. The house of Burgundy sided with the English against the House of Orleans, preventing France from uniting against the English. In 1429, with the help of a young girl named Joan of Arc, Charles VII of Orleans was crowned king of France. The French Estates General controlled finances and passed laws. 1461: Louis the XI followed Charles VII as king of France and made the monarchy even stronger. He set up a harsh but efficient government with high taxes. United the country Feudal lords lost power; but kept wealth Peasants gained little freedoms

11. Spain Spain became a united nation in 1479 Spain in 1515 Ferdinand and Isabella added the kingdom of Navarre to their territory Fervent Catholics they did not look kindly on non Christians in Spain Later they gave people a choice most Jews and Moors did leave the country Spain was robbed of many of its leaders in industry and trade

12. The Holy Roman Empire What is now known as Italy and Germany made up the HRE. Area remained divided into states & regions ruled by princes and knights. Many of the Emperors had given up their power to these nobles and princes in return for military support. Early days, rulers of German states, along with the pope, elected the Holy Roman Emperor; but the # who could vote decreased

13. HRE Continued… In 1356, emperor Charles IV ruled that only seven electors would choose the Emperor and left the pope out of the process. –He wanted to have more power than the Church In 1273 a member of Habsburg family became Emperor Habsburgs used arranged marriages to gain power and control over more land. They became the most powerful family in Europe. Could not unite Germany or Italy though.

14. 10.Babylonian Captivity and Problems with the Church After Boniface died the new pope Clement V was French. Clement moved headquarters of the church to Avignon, France from Rome. Next 6 popes where French and lived in Avignon this was called Babylonian captivity. Until 1417 the church had 2–3 popes this period is called The Great Schism. In 1324 two teachers at the university of Paris wrote defender of the faith. In the late 1300’s John Wycliffe was a priest and a teacher at oxford university.

15. Babylonia captivity part 2 John Wycliffe also did not believe in the absolute power of the pope. John Wycliffe wanted to change the authority of the church. Jan Hus agreed with Wycliffe. His attacks on the clergy lead too him being burned at the stake. Wycliffe and Hus’s questioning of the church, would have a profound impacted on many people