1. Review for Quiz
10 mins

2. Transformations in Europe, 1500-1750
Chapter 16
Transformations in Europe,

3. I. Culture and Ideas Religious Reformation
1. Causes for Discontent with Church
Secular interest of Pope
- Elaborate court
- Directly ruled lands in Italy
Abuses
- Buying and selling of religious offices
Church officials holding many offices at once
Church positions became opportunities for wealth and power
Belief priest, monks and nuns were profiting from their positions
- exploiting the people
- offering little moral leadership
Mass and Bible in Latin
- The majority of Europeans could not understand mass or read the Bible

4. I. Culture and Ideas 2. Debt
In the 16th and 17th centuries Popes became major patrons of the arts
St. Peter’s Basilica (Rome)
Intended to glorify God, the skill of Renaissance artists, and the papacy
Size and scale of the church led to massive debts

5. Length
730 feet
Width
500 feet
Height (max)
452 feet

6. Warm Up:
What problems were facing the Catholic Church during the late 15th and early 16th centuries?

7. I. Culture and Ideas 3. Indulgences
Forgiveness for punishment of past sins
The Church began to sell indulgences to raise funds
Allowed the release deceased relatives from purgatory and go to heaven

8. I. Culture and Ideas 4. Martin Luther a German monk and scholar
Believed that salvation could only be achieved through faith
Saw the sale of indulgences as a money making scam

9. I. Culture and Ideas 5. 95 Theses
Luther created a list of objections to the practice of selling indulgences (1519)
- Argued that the Pope did not have the authority to forgive past sins
Luther was excommunicated from the Church for his challenge to papal authority (1520)
Marks the beginnings of the Protestant Reformation

10. I. Culture and Ideas 6. Lutheranism
Supporters of Luther sought to reform the Church
Salvation through faith, not good works
Christian belief based on the Bible, not the teachings of the Church and Pope
“priesthood of all believers”

11. Warm Up:
What was the catalyst of the Reformation in Europe?

12. I. Culture and Ideas 7. Calvinism
Based on the teachings of John Calvin
Institutes of the Christian Religion 1535
- Believed in “predestination” of the soul
- Self governing congregations
- Simplicity in dress, life and worship

13. I. Culture and Ideas 8. Spread
Protestant ideas spread quickly throughout Europe
- Printing Press
Luther encouraged the Bible to be translated into vernacular language
Germany, Scandinavian countries, England and Scotland

14. I. Culture and Ideas 9. Political and Social Motivations
Rulers saw Protestantism as opportunity for political gain
- Seize Church land
- Deny authority of the pope, Holy Roman Emperor
Peasants & urban laborers defied masters by adopting different faith
Avoid paying tithes

15. I. Culture and Ideas 10. Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)
Response of the Catholic Church to Protestant Reformation
Council of Trent ( )
Reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs
- Supremacy of Pope
- Seven Sacraments
- Good works
Special position of priests

16. I. Culture and Ideas
Creation of new religious order, “Society of Jesus”
- Jesuits
Educated priests to be able to counter Protestant teaching
Became important missionaries overseas

17. I. Culture and Ideas 11. Wars of Religion
Fought over a mixture of religious and secular issues
Devastated Europe from

18. I. Culture and Ideas B. Scientific Revolution Basis
Belief that the workings of the universe could be explained through natural causes

19. I. Culture and Ideas 2. Copernicus
Polish monk and mathematician ( )
Heliocentric Solar System
The sun, not the earth, is the center of the solar system
Planets rotated around the sun in a circular path

20. I. Culture and Ideas 3. Brahe and Kepler
Improved on Copernicus’s model
Planets moved in elliptical orbits

21. I. Culture and Ideas 4. Galileo
Built a telescope to observe the heavens
Observed heavenly bodies were not perfect
- Moon had mountains & valleys
- Sun spots
Planets had their own moons

22. I. Culture and Ideas 5. Critics
Copernican universe challenged accepted ideas
- How could the earth move without producing vibrations that would rip it apart? (Aristotle)
- Is the Bible wrong? Book of Joshua claimed the sun stood still for a day
- Galileo’s books placed on Index of Forbidden Books by Catholic Church

23. I. Culture and Ideas 6. Spread
Scientific ideas spread throughout Europe
Printing Press
Robert Boyle ( ) used trial and error approach to study chemistry
Royal Society in London (1662) founded to promote knowledge of natural world

24. I. Culture and Ideas 7. Physics Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Developed mathematical laws that all physical objects obey
Concept of gravity

25. Read: What is Enlightenment? Immanual Kant
According to Kant, what is enlightenment?
After reading this text, how would you define enlightenment?

26. I. Culture and Ideas C. The Enlightenment Science and Human Behavior
If human reason could discover the laws of nature
Then human reason could discover laws that governed human behavior

27. What triggered the Reformation in Europe?
Warm Up:
What triggered the Reformation in Europe?

28. Read: Tolerance by Voltaire
According to Voltaire, why is tolerance important?
According to Voltaire, why was there so much intolerance in Europe?

29. Discussion
Place What is Enlightenment and Tolerance in a historical context. How might they have been influenced by the events of there times?

30. I. Culture and Ideas 2. Basic Ideals of the Enlightenment
Religious Freedom
Society could be improved
- Social progress