1. The History Of Genetics: Gregor Mendel and his Peas

2. The results of Mendel’s studies were so important that he is considered: Father of Genetics Genetic first started when an Austrian monk, named Gregor Mendel, performed a series of experiments on garden peas. Mendel observed qualitative information about the traits of the pea plants. He then tried to quantify how those traits were passed from one generation to another. Mendel developed purebred lines of pea plants. He recorded the results of his experiments and made statistical notes about how the traits were passed down.

3. WHY PEAS? Structure of the pea flowers Presence of distinctive traits Rapid reproduction cycle Grow quickly Produce large number of offspring Cheap and easy to grow and maintain Pea plants normally self- pollinate but can cross- pollinate if the anthers (the boy parts) are removed when the flower is young stigma style Ovary (holds female gametes-eggs) Anther-holds male gametes filament petal sepal

4. Self Pollination Self-pollination female and male gametes (egg & pollen) from the same plant form a zygote example: this is how plants normally go about their business

5. Purple Flower Anther (boy part) Stigma (girl part) pollen * Pollen (gamete from the boy part) goes to the stigma ( the girl part) of the same flower fertilizes the female gamete Petals form a tent over the stigma and anthers Pollen is trapped inside

6. Cross-pollination Cross-pollination female and male gametes from two different plants form a zygote example: Mendel “painted” pollen from one plant onto the stigma of another plant, or insects transfer pollen from one plant to another

7. Mendel painted pollen from another plant onto the stigma of the flower Mendel cut off the anthers so the plant does not produce its own pollen.

8. Mendel studied characteristics in the parents and offspring of pea plants. The plants displayed several easily-observed characters in one of two contrasting traits or forms

9. Trait or Characteristic (coded for by a gene) Alleles or Forms of the Trait Seed coloryellow and green Seed shape wrinkled and smooth Flower colorpurple and white Pod coloryellow and green yellow green ATGCCAGCTACC CTGACCGTACCG Different sequences Mendel studied characteristics in the parents and offspring of pea plants. The plants displayed several easily-observed characters in one of two contrasting traits or forms

10. Mendel observed that there were two different types of pea plants plants that, when self-pollinated, produce the same form of a trait in all offspring Example: white flower plants that produce offspring with white flowers Purebred Plants plants that, when self pollinated, produce more than one form of a trait in their offspring Example: Purple flower plants that produce some purple and some white flowered offspring Hybrid Plants

11. Mendel performed his experiments with great patience and precision. He kept careful records. Mendel’s work spanned 10 years and involved over 280 genetic crosses producing some 28,000 pea plants. Mendel was trained in mathematics and used his background in probability to analyze the results of his crosses.

12. Describe (briefly) the experiments that Gregor Mendel set up. Mendel set up crosses with pea plants to see how their traits were passed down from generation to generation

13. Why were pea plants an ideal choice for Mendel’s experiments? (give at least three reasons) Structure of the pea flowers Presence of distinctive traits Rapid reproduction cycle Grow quickly Produce large number of offspring Cheap and easy to grow and maintain Pea plants normally self-pollinate but can cross- pollinate too

14. What were some the traits he observed? What were the different alleles for these traits?