1. 1988

2. Station ALOHA (~4750m deep) Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) October 1988 - present (260 cruises; ~10/yr) 25 years of HOT

3. Station ALOHA (~4750m deep) Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) October 1988 - present (260 cruises; ~10/yr) Mahalo nui loa to countless folks for their contributions to the successes of HOT and Station ALOHA Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) October 1988 - present (260 cruises; ~10/yr) Mahalo nui loa to countless folks for their contributions to the successes of HOT and Station ALOHA 25 years of HOT NSF NOAA State of Hawaii (UH/SOEST) NSF NOAA State of Hawaii (UH/SOEST)

4. Quantifying the Surface Freshwater Flux at Station ALOHA Roger Lukas*, Fernando Santiago- Mandujano*, Albert Plueddemann +, Robert Weller +, Fred Duennebier*, Bruce Howe* * U. Hawaii at Manoa + Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Ocean Sciences Meeting 2014 R. Weller (WHOI)

5. The ocean and the hydrological cycle

6. Tradewinds – Harvesting Water and Heat From the Ocean NOAA/OAR Ocean Reference Stations Donating to the warm pool

7. Precious Rains Hawaii’s tenuous water resources ∫(E-P)dt

8. WHOTS Rainfall and Evaporation Sean Whelan (WHOI) Rainfall – Has small space-time scales Not well-observed from space Poorly represented in NWP model-reanalyses

9. WHOTS and the hydrological cycle

10. Winter Storms Interact with ITCZ

11. WHOTS and the hydrological cycle How stable and reliable are the trends estimated from limited observations? Observations limited in duration and spatial extent; exponential rainfall distributions in space and time

12. WHOTS Buoy Mixed Layer See poster #2463 by McCoy et al., this session

13. Multiple data sources and error characteristics

14. December 5th, 2012 Rainfall Event Molokai NexRad Station ALOHA Molokai NexRAD

15. HOT Cruise 248 Shipboard Rain Gauges

16. qprate wind speed wind direction Surface salinity SST WHOTS-9 Buoy data

17. Rainfall Rates from NexRAD

18. December 5th, 2012 Rainfall Event Hydrophone sound before rainstorm during rainstorm

19. minutes from 08:50 Spectrogram for Dec 5 th 2012 frequency (kHz) 15 20 5 10 0 15012060 db re 1µ Pascal 4728 m

20. ALOHA Cabled Observatory 4728 m 17.5 KHz 10.5 KHz 4 KHz

21. 10.5 KHz rainfall rate rainfall rate wind speed wind speed

22. 17.5 KHz rainfall rate wind speed

23. mm/hrmax min TRMM rain radar

24. TRMM Satellite Rainfall Estimates 5-day accumulation estimates

25. Numerical Weather Prediction Model Rainfall for Station ALOHA ECMWF WHOTS-9 120 80 0 40

26. Summary Measured rainfall in situ much larger than satellite, comparable to NexRAD weather radar Time-space variability of rainfall challenges freshwater budgets Bridging scales is crucial for satellite ground- truthing, and verification of NWP and climate models Related posters by Nystuen et al. (UW/APL); Poster by Monk et al. (BIOS); Poster by Yang et al. (UW)

29. ACO Acoustic Data Rainfall Estimation