1. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- “THE LAND BETWEEN TWO RIVERS”

2. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- DEFINITIONS CITY STATES- self-governing unit made up of a city and its surrounding villages and farmland. Monotheism: worshiping one god.  “Mono” – means one Polytheism: worshiping many gods.  “Poly” – means many

3. GEOGRAPHY Located between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Present-day Iraq

4. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- GEOGRAPHY POSITIVE abundant amount of clay easy till-able soil water supply from Tigris-Euphrates Rivers NEGATIVE few natural resources minimal protection from deserts and mountains

5. Settled around 3500 BCE Divided into city-states ---WHY?? Region developed first forms of poly - and monotheism Created one of the earliest forms of writing Basic Facts:

6. SOCIAL What do you know about the social aspects of Mesopotamian society?  Social hierarchy: kings, priests, nobility, merchants, farmers, slaves  Slaves - POW  Women: unequal to men; men own and inherit land

7. POLITICAL ASPECTS OF MESOPOTAMIA

8. City-States Always in constant conflict over water and land rights Created walls for protection, with moats along the outside Farms located along the outside of the city

9. Hammurabi’s Code Hammurabi - King of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 BCE) 282 laws. Based on equal retaliation. Laws were varied for the wealthy and powerful.

10. Intellectual Contributions: Wheel Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minute 12 month lunar calendar arch ramp

11. Religion

12. Polytheistic; gods based on nature; vengeful Ziggurats: pyramid site of the temple of the main gods.  Each city-state had their own gods and goddesses  Sun god – most important. Life after death was an extension of life.

13. ZigguratZiggurat – Holy Mountain

15. ECONOMY Make, sell or barter goods. Trade helped expansion. Development of money will evolve over time. RICH government officials religious leaders traders POOR Farmers craftsman

16. Trade

17. Before You Leave… How do the primary sources read in class (Hammurabi’s Code, Gilgamesh and Genesis) illuminate aspects of Mesopotamian culture, society and politics? Write 1-2 paragraphs – in complete sentences!

18. River Valley Civilizations: Egypt, Indus Valley and Shang China Unit 1 Foundations, 8000 BCE – 600 CE AP World History

19. Objective To identify the major social, political, cultural and economic features of the Egyptian, Indus and Chinese early civilizations To compare these features to those of all river valley civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and India) To create a foundation upon which to study the Classical Civilizations (China, India, Greece, Rome)

20. Foundation and Geography Egypt  3100 BCE – 343 BCE  Unified by King Menes  Nile River  Sahara Desert Shang China  1750 – 1027 BCE  Yellow River (loess – fertile soil)  Isolated b/c of Gobi desert and Himalayan Mountains and Mongolian Plateau  Very Hot and Dry Indus Valley  2500-1500 BCE  Current day northern India and Pakistan  Indus River – irregular; had to build flood barriers  Khyber Pass

22. Social Aspects of River Valley Civilizations Egypt  Social structure similar to Mesopotamia  Tax collection heaviest on lower classes  Slaves – POW  Women had most rights here – own property, businesses, no formal education; informally involved in politics Indus Valley  Unknown class structure b/c can’t read writing  Merchants at top of social structure  Female goddesses worshipped so women may be treated better than in China and Mesopotamia; several fertility goddess statutes found  Eventually gives way to caste system China  Low social mobility  Few slaves – not as many as M. or E. – WHY?  Peasants not much better than slaves  Palaces for the emperor; dependent on military to help run gov’t so they were given many gifts  Strong patriarchal – infanticide

23. Political China  Dynastic cycles  Kings are descendants or links to gods  King = priest  Isolated towns and villages  Centralized Government Egypt  Pharaoh  Very strong army focused on expansion of territory and economy (gold, silver, etc) – given to Pharaoh as tribute  Slaves = POW  Priests and Nobles help P. manage empire = Bureaucracy  Dynastic Cycles  Few Female Rulers  Centralized Government Indus Valley  No palaces found in ruins  Businessmen, Craftsmen and Farmers provided organization and justice for civilization  Unified; centralized government  Two major cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

24. Interactions Mesopotamians trade with India Egyptians trade with Mesopotamia, Nubia and Kush China stays isolated by geography and choice Indus Valley – destroyed by natural disaster or invasion (Indo-Europeans) Slavery – direct result of warfare Interactions b/w Hebrews and Egyptians

25. Cultural Egypt Polytheistic, strong belief in afterlife; mummification Hieroglyphics (Rosetta Stone) Architecture – Pyramids; Sphinx; Valley of the Tombs; Imhotep Strong collection of literature, songs, poetry  Egyptian Book of the Dead; Hymn to Aton Calendar Math = created system of 10 and geometry Astronomy Knowledge of medicine – first heart surgeries India Polytheistic (nature goddess) Public bathing pools Unable to translate writing Complex City Organization = grid formation Advanced Drainage system Indoor plumbing Wheels for transportation Bronze tools and weapons China Mandate of Heaven Middle Kingdom Worshipped ancestors and nature gods Oracle bones – early form of writing; at least 2000 characters or symbols Walled cities Silk clothes; jade and bone jewelry

26. Economics All civilizations dependent on agriculture for economic gain Some specialization of labor b/c of surplus of food  Cloth, pottery, jewelry  Architects – Egypt Egypt trades a great deal – Mediterranean World; Nubia and Kush (to South) Merchants – looked down upon by Chinese

27. Questions –Write a 1-2 paragraph response. Complete Sentences How does geography play a role in the development of a civilization? Use examples from Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China to support your response What are some things that are similar throughout all 4 (or most of the 4)? Why? Due Tomorrow (9/1)