1. Nasals The following slides were made using Daniel Currie Hall’s website at http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~d anhall/phonetics/sammy.html

2. Features: voiced bilabial stop b

3. Features: voiced bilabial nasal m

4. Features: voiced alveolar stop d

5. Features: voiced alveolar nasal n

6. Features: voiced velar stop g

7. Features: voiced velar nasal

9. Features: voiced bilabial nasal m

10. Features: unvoiced bilabial nasal m o

11. Features: voiced alveolar nasal n

12. Features: unvoiced alveolar nasal n o

13. Features: voiced velar nasal

14. Features: unvoiced velar nasal o

15. English: 3 nasals Icelandic: 10 nasals

16. SHORTLONGUNVOICED BILAB ALV PAL VEL

17. ng? singer finger hanger anger sting stink

18. bank bæXk bang bæXg ban bæn /n/ [n][X] Shakespeare´s pronunciation

19. “n becomes X” “directly followed by g or k” “when”

20. “phoneme /n/ is realised as allophone [X]” “directly followed by g or k” “when”

21. bank bæXk bang bæXg ban bæn Modern pronunciation Shakespeare´s pronunciation

22. “g becomes zero” “directly following ” “when” = “g disappears”

23. “g disappears after X”

24. Minimal pairs bank bang ban bæXk bæX bæn g X has become a phoneme

25. a  b / x __ y How to read a phonological rule what happens where it happens

26. a  b / x __ y How to read a phonological rule what happens a  b a  Ø Ø  aØ  a “a becomes b” “a disappears” “a appears, a is inserted”

27. a  b / x __ y How to read a phonological rule where it happens x __ y “between x and y” “in front of x” “following x” __ x x __

28. g disappearsafter n becomes before k,g

29. Does this rule always apply ?

30. sing singer finger hang hanger anger

31. singer finger hanger anger long England mingle ringing

33. The Morpheme the smallest unit of semantic meaning the smallest group of phonemes which has meaning

34. The Morpheme sing sings singer agree disagreeable finger sing sing s sing er agree dis agree able finger

36. “g disappears following ”

37. “g disappears following in front of a morpheme boundary”

38. longer longest younger youngest stronger strongest singer finger hanger anger long England mingle ringing EXCEPTIONS: