1. Genetics & Heredity Stand up for Candy!
Have all students stand up. Read off the names of those who have not paid their fee, turned in their disclosure, or human sexuality form. IF their name is read, they are to sit down. Those standing get candy.
Stand up for Candy!

2. Genetics & Heredity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

3. Heredity or Environment?
Color of hair
Color of eyes
Color of Skin
General health
Personality traits
Strength of eyesight
Physical strength IQ
Height
Relationship with family
Relationship with friends
Level of education
Sex
Body Type
Weight
Religious involvement
Birth Defects
Blood Type

4. How do we get our genetics?
When are heredity traits determined?
At conception
Through Genes and Chromosomes…..What are the difference between the 2?? Which one holds our DNA?

5. Chromosomes
Chromosomes are rod shaped chemical compounds that carry genetic coding.
B. The genetic coding transmits characteristics from the parent to the child.

6. Chromosomes Found in both sperm and ovum
Every cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 total
Sperm and ovum contain 23 chromosomes each.

7. Genes A. They are the building blocks of chromosomes.
B. They are bead-like structures.

8. Genes C, There are hundreds of genes on each chromosome.
D. They carry individual, specific traits.

9. Genes
E. They can be dominant (stronger) genes which produce the characteristic in the individual
Blue Eyes

10. Genes
F. They can be recessive (weaker) genes which do not produce the characteristic unless transmitted by both parents.
Red Hair

11. Study Guide T/F Questions
1. _______ The passing on of traits from parent to child is called heredity. Environmental influences are the surroundings that we are placed in.
 READ The Scenario: Sammy has brown eyes and is five years old. She attends a neighborhood preschool every day. Her teachers have fallen in love with her witty personality and honey-colored hair. She is very intelligent and does well with the tasks assigned to her. Sammy’s parents are divorced and she misses her father very much. Sammy has juvenile arthritis and must see the doctor often. At her last doctor’s visit, the doctor reminded Sammy’s mom that diabetes has run in her family for several generations and that Sammy should be watched closely for any early symptoms of diabetes. Sammy’s growth chart shows that she will probably be small for her age.
List the Heredity Influences in the above scenario:   
List the Environmental Influences in the above scenario:

12. T
2. _______ Genes carry inherited traits that are passed on from generations to generations. Hundreds of thousands of genes, which make up the traits of human beings, are carried on every chromosome.

14. F
3. ________Heredity influences such personal aspects as eye color, personality, and
food preference.

15. T
4. _______ Dominant genes are stronger genes and recessive genes are weaker.
Dominant=Strong
Recessive=Weak

16. DOMINANT
Brown hair
Other Color hair
Brown eyes
Straight hair line
Free Earlobes
Roll Tongue
Second finger shorter then the 4th
Hitchhiker’s thumb T
5. _______ In the formation of a new individual where the genes are both recessive and dominant, the dominant will overpower.
RECESSIVE
Blonde hair
Red hair
Blue Eyes
Widows peak
Attached earlobes
Can’t roll tongue
Interlock hands and right thumb on top
No hitchhiker’s thumb

17. Dominant vs. Recessive widow’s peak Unattached earlobe Short fingers
Continuous hairline
Unattached earlobe
Attached earlobe
Short fingers
Long fingers
Freckles
Lack of freckles

18. T
Determine the chances of passing on a genetic trait in the following situation:
The wife is blue-eyed and carries genes for blue eyes on both of the chromosome pairs. The husband is brown eyed and carries a gene for brown eyes on one of the pairs and a gene for blue eyes on he other one of the pairs. Complete the following grid to determine the chances for each of their children to be born with blue or brown eyes.
B = dominant brown gene b = recessive blue gene
There is a _____________________ in four chance that the child will have brown eyes and carry a gene for blue eyes.
There is a _____________________ in four chance that the child will have blue eyes and carry genes for only blue eyes.
6. _______ It is probable that a dominant brown-eyed mother and a recessive blue-eyed father will have a brown-eyed child.
Wife b
Husband B
Husband b Bb Bb bb bb

19. Red Hair and blue –green eyesT
7. _______ It is probable that a child can have recessive light colored hair even though both of his parents have dominant dark colored hair.
What is a carrier:
A person who is able to pass a particular trait onto his/her own child even though the trait has not been expressed in him/her
Red Hair and blue –green eyes

20. Recessive (weaker) genes will not produce the characteristic unless transmitted by both parents.

21. F
8. _______ The female sex cell is the ovum with chromosomes and the male sex cell is the sperm with chromosomes. XY XX XY XX

22. T F
10. _______ 50% of the chromosomes come from the father, but he determines the sex of the child.
9. _______ Each sperm cell and ovum cell carries 23 chromosomes and when the ovum is fertilized, the sex cell equals
Chromosomes.
new eyes
XY Boy or XX Girl?

24. F
11. _______
is the union of an ovum and a sperm or the beginning of pregnancy.
Twitterpation
Conception

25. MULTIPLE BIRTHS

26. F
12. _______ Fraternal non-identical multiple births that come from two different eggs will look
like siblings.
identical
Dizygotic- is the scientific name for non-identical multiple births, which means coming from two fertilized eggs.

27. FRATERNAL TWINS
Form when two eggs are released at the same time and each is fertilized. They grow side by side in the uterus. Because they are the result of two different ovum and sperm they are no more alike in terms of heredity than other siblings. They may be of opposite sexes.

28. F
13. _______ Identical multiple births that come from one fertilized egg
can be different sexes.
will be the same sex.
A biography on Mary-Kate and Ashely Olsen said that they may look exactly alike and people think that they are identical twins but they arent, they are fraternal!  Just goes to show what genes are strongest and how the dice fall! 
Monozygotic- scientific name for identical multiple births, which means coming from one fertilized egg.

29. IDENTICAL TWINS
A fertilized egg starts growing by dividing into two cells. These cells continue to divide. Sometimes, the cell mass splits in half soon after fertilization. Each cell mass grows into a separate embryo. They are always the same sex, and have very similar characteristics because they began as one zygote.

31. TRIPLETS
* Triplets can occur through several combinations. Three separate ovum could be released and fertilized.
* Two ovum could be released, fertilized and then one ovum splits into separate embryo, resulting in a set of identical twins and one fraternal twin.
* One ovum could split into three parts resulting in identical triplets

32. F
14. _______
are when the ovum splits apart but the separation is not complete.
Double jointed twins
Conjoined twins

33. CONJOINED TWINS Conjoined twins result when
a fertilized ovum begins to
split into two parts, but does
not fully complete the
process. The babies are joined
at whatever location does
not complete the splitting
process.
4th hour got here 2/26/15

34. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? How many chromosomes are there in each cell?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
How many chromosomes are there in each cell?
46 CHROMOSOMES or 23 PAIRS
How many chromosomes are in Reproductive (egg & sperm) or Germ cells?
23 CHROMOSOMES
(combined = the 46 chromosomes)

35. Female Sex Cells XX (Ovum or Egg) Male Sex Cells XY (Sperm)
Baby Girl = XX Baby Boy = XY
Conception is the union of an OVUM and the SPERM
Gender is determined by the father!
Someone should have told King Henry VIII!

36. DOMINATE Gene: More powerful - trait seen in person
RECESSIVE Gene: Weaker and hides in the background. Trait can only determine when two of them are present - may show up in future generations.
CARRIER: Has a recessive gene that is not visible
SEX-LINKED: Mother passes the recessive X to son
Color-blind male receives the trait from his mother.
The mother is usually not color-blind herself.
B = BROWN eyes (dominate) b = BLUE eyes (recessive)
BB = BROWN eyes
bb = BLUE eyes
Bb = BROWN eyes but carry the recessive BLUE eye gene

37. MULTIPLE BIRTHS
ZYGOT: the cell that is formed when a sperm fertilized an egg (ovum)
MONOZYGOT: Identical Twins 1 Egg + 1 Sperm
Fertilized ovum splits into 2 identical cells - Always the same gender
DIZYGOT: Fraternal Twins 2 Eggs + different Sperm
Will look different - May be different or the same gender
MULTIPLE BIRTHS: More than 2
May be identical, fraternal or both - May be different or the same gender
CONJOINED (Siamese) TWINS: Ovum splits apart, but the separation is not completed. Babies are joined at some part of their bodies.
1st hour ended here 2/26/15

38. What 4 FACTORS may contribute to Multiple Births?
1) History in the family
2) Increased hormones naturally
More than 1 egg released
3) Fertility Drugs
4) Age 32-36
Likelihood of multiple pregnancies in the United States
Twins: Blacks- 1 in 73 Whites 1 in 93
Triplets: 1 in 10,000
Quadruples: 1 in 620,000

39. Preview for defects….
Sex - Linked or X - Linked Defect: When an X-gene from the mother is faulty. There is a 50/50 chance of the child inheriting the disorder.
Syndrome: When a group of signs and symptoms occur together and characterize a particular problem.
Congenital Malformation: A condition that is present at birth.
Multi-factorial Defects: Interaction of genes with other genes OR with environmental factors.
Chromosomal Error: The fertilized egg cell that contains chromosomes in an abnormal number, structure or arrangement.

40. Complete the Genetic Gamble. Find a partner
Complete the Genetic Gamble Find a partner You need a dice for each pair And a piece of paper

41. For each trait, flip or roll 2x to determine what gene will be contributed to the child’s facial features. Person #1 contributes a gene and Person #2 contributes a gene. HEADS / EVENS = Dominant (capital) and TAILS / ODDS = Recessive (lower case). Record the genetic contribution of each person and identify the facial characteristic it refers to. Draw the “child” based upon the assigned facial characteristics.

42. HEADS / EVENS = Dominant (capital) and TAILS / ODDS = Recessive (lower case).
1- Hair color: Dark down or black (dominate) Blond or red (recessive)
2-Eye Color: (Brown (dominate) Blue (recessive)
3-Dimples (dominate) no dimples (recessive)
4-Earlobes: Hang free (dominate) Attached (recessive)
5-Widows Peak (Dominate) no widows peak (recessive)
6-Tong Roller (Dominate) no roller (recessive)
7-Hand Writing: right (dominate) left (recessive)
8- Curly or straight hair: curly (Dominate) Straight (recessive)

43. Draw your baby….

44. HEADS / EVENS = Dominant (capital) and TAILS / ODDS = Recessive (lower case).
R—Tongue roller: Ability to roll tongue into a U-shape (r—non-roller)
P—Widow’s peak: Hairline forms a distinct downward point on forehead (p—no peak)
E—Earlobes: Earlobes hang free from the side of the head (e—earlobes attached)
F—Straight little finger: Little finger can be pressed to ring finger with no gap. (f—little finger bends in or away from ring finger)
L—Long index finger: Index finger is longer than ring finger. To find this trait, place index finger at the edge of a piece of paper and compare ring finger’s position to paper’s edge. (l—shorter index finger)
H—Dark hair: Brown or black hair (h—blonde or red hair)
D—Dimples: Indentations in cheeks or chin (d—no dimples)
W—Writing hand: Write with right hand (w—write with left hand)
Y—Right dominant eye: Right eye sees the same perspective as both eyes together. To find this trait, look at an object through a rolled piece of paper using both eyes. Then close one eye and then the other. The object can still be seen in the same perspective through the rolled paper only with the dominant eye. (y— left dominant eye)