1. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF POULTRY

2. The place of the poultry industry in U. S. agriculture
- Poultry is a term that includes a wide variety of
domestic birds of several species
- the important commercial poultry species
- the combined gross annual income
- contributions of the segments to the total
value are shown in Figure 18-1
- the broiler segment
- turkeys are also increasing and eggs
are occupying a smaller portion
- poultry are responsible for nearly 11% of all U.S.
farm cash receipts (Figure 18-2) and over 22% of
animal agriculture’s share of all U.S. farm cash
receipts (Figure 18-3)

3. The poultry sector is growing This is a major industry
The poultry sector has both aggressively developed and incorporated technology
The broiler industry especially has seized innovation
Then, it has made the product convenient and good to eat
In so doing,
The egg industry
It supplies approximately 240 eggs per capita

4. Purpose of the Poultry Industry in the US
Inexpensive sources of protein for human consumption
Meat and eggs are among the best protein buys
Poultry are the most efficient converters of grain to meat
Useful on a worldwide

5. Historical Perspective Domestication.
Cockfighting is generally accepted
Cockfighting has been a favored pastime

6. Columbus In 1607, Small flock keeping began
The flock provided meat and eggs to the family
The practice began fading in earnest when agriculture began restructuring
In 1828, the first Single Comb White Leghorns were imported
In 1873 the American Poultry Association was formed
In 1874 they issued the first American Standard of Excellence
In 1903 the Cornell gasoline brooder was developed

7. In 1895 the commercial feed industry began in Chicago
Integration
In 1895 the commercial feed industry began in Chicago
By 1934 the USDA began reporting commercial broilers separately from other chickens
The production of broiler meat by the broiler industry since 1934 can be seen in Figure 18-10
Improvements in diets, equipment, genetics, flock health, and processing
In Col. Harland Sanders began franchise operations
The integrated poultry industry we know today emerged
From 1975 till present
Combined cash receipts for poultry

8. Structure and location of the poultry industry
The broiler industry
Modern broiler production is concentrated
Large farms
Economies of size
A typical integrated broiler company
Over 90% of the commercial broilers in the U.S.
Approximately 40% of the product
The south and southeastern states

9. Egg production is done in large technologically advanced units
The U.S. Egg Industry
Egg production is done in large technologically advanced units
Egg-producing is concentrated and integrated from hatchery to marketing
Geographically, the egg industry is distributed in a pattern somewhat like the human population (Figure 18-15)
Other factors are also at play
Part of the reason for the dispersed pattern is that eggs require less processing than broilers
Figure Laying hens and eggs increased until the early 1970’s
Since the late 1980’s
There are around 900 farms

10. The turkey industry in the U.S.
Turkeys are also produced under integreated structures
A major influence on the turkey industry has been further processing
It is hard to see the same patterns in the turkey producing industry as can be seen in the broiler industry (Figure 18-18)
The U.S. duck, goose and other poultry industries. See Table 18-1

11. Genetics and breeding programs
Breeding poultry is different from breeding of the larger animals
It is more flexible
It has been the most subjected to modern animal breeding and selection techniques
Fewer people

12. Heterosis is very easy to demonstrate in poultry and it is relied on extensively
Poultry breeding programs
Inbreeding
Outcrossing
A variation of outcrossing called strain crossing
Poultry breeding today is

13. Breeds, Varieties, and Strains of Poultry
Generally speaking chickens are one of two types: meat type and egg type
In order to identify and classify each, they are designated by class, breed, variety, and strain
Only a few breeds have a place in the industry

14. Reproductive Management in Poultry
Management for reproductive efficiency
When eggs fail to hatch, it may be the breeder flock, the incubation procedures, or any step between
Breeder flock management
Mating systems in poultry are either
Mass mating
Pen mating
Stud mating

15. Poultry feeding has changed more than the feeding of any other species
Nutrition in Poultry
Poultry feeding has changed more than the feeding of any other species
Poultry nutrition is also more critical, complicated and thus a greater challenge to the producer, than the other farm species
However
Economic production
Feed is the largest cost in the production of the poultry species
Feeding practices across the country
Rations are formulated
Table 18-3 gives examples of rations

16. Flock Health Management
Disease control is absolutely essential to the poultry industry
Luckily, some of the more devastating have been eradicated
Never the less, poultry farmers must stay constantly vigilant
Biosecurity measures are routinely practiced.
The National Poultry Improvement Plan USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

17. Nutritional benefits to humans of poultry
The proportions of the recommended daily dietary allowance for year-old woman on a calorie diet for eggs and chicken are presented in Table 18-4
Both eggs and poultry meat
A complete nutrient analysis is given in Table 18-5

18. Trends and factors in the poultry industry
Turkey consumption and production
- increase in production

19. Broiler production and consumption
- There has been an unbroken string of year-over-year increases in broiler production
- per capita consumption of broiler meat is steadily increasing (Figure 18-13)
- total poultry meat consumption

20. What are the reasons for increased chicken consumption?
Cost advantages
The industry has produced increased amounts of chicken for sale
This is a major reason that chicken has taken market share
However, other factors are also at work
Convenience, packaging, shelf-life and taste
Fast food

21. Nutrition and health consciousness
The beginning of the decade of the 1980’s
Poultry products are good food
Chicken and turkey both increased consumption at percentages that rival foods with a “health” connotation

22. Egg use and consumption
Per capita egg consumption in the U.S. is around 240 eggs per capita
Egg consumption declined because of
Whether right or wrong, the cholesterol scare has hurt the egg-producing part of the poultry industry
However, changing eating habits has probably been the most important factor
People either skip breakfast
Hand held foods
Added to the problems of the egg
Also, there aren’t many further processed convenient products
However, we eat about ten more eggs per capita now than ten years ago

23. Cholesterol. Cholesterol has been a mainstream
issue for over 20 years
Early recommendations of some health care professionals to reduce dietary cholesterol
Scientists cautioned that the link had not been established
A growing body of evidence has been accumulating that dietary levels of cholesterol have very little to do with plasma levels of cholesterol

24. Food and Safety Concerns Eggs and Salmonella The inside of an egg
The number of affected eggs is small with flocks associated with outbreaks tested to have only two or three infected eggs per 10,000
An individual thus has a likelihood of finding an infected egg of about 0.005%
Even then the numbers of microorganisms in a properly handled and refrigerated egg
However, to be on the safe side

25. Integration and consolidation
All phases of poultry production are and will continue to become more specialized
In addition, more integrators may opt to own

26. Technological innovation and standardization
The poultry industry has made the most dramatic advancements in both biology and technical aspects of any of the livestock industries
Since 1925, the time for broilers to reach market
The amount of feed required
It now takes less than two pounds of feed
The number of eggs/hen has more than doubled
Much of this is due to its willingness to take advantage of modernization and technological innovation
Biotechnology will allow us to increase production and efficiency
Mechanization

27. Biotechnology
The products of biotechnology that will most help poultry producers
In addition such tools are marker assisted selection