1. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. CHAPTER 2 The Insect Body

2. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. A lubber grasshopper from Arizona, Taeniopoda eques (Acrididae, Orthoptera), exhibits the major features of insect anatomy. This insect’s striking aposematic colors and slow movements are characteristic of insects that are distasteful.

3. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 2.1 Terms for directions of location and orientation on insect bodies, using a bee head a, moth wings b, sawfly body in dorsal view c, and scorpionfly d, in lateral view.

4. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 2.2 Diagram of integumental features.

5. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 2.3 Diagrams of the steps in a hypothetical origin of the insect body from a wormlike ancestor.

6. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 2.4 Diagrams of the steps in a hypothetical origin of the insect brain and head segmentation.

7. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 2.5 Types of body segmentation: a, primary segmentation; b, secondary segmentation; c, secondary segmentation and formation of dorsal phragmata in pterothorax.

8. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 2.6 Insect head: a, cephalic view of head of Romalea microptera (Acrididae, Orthoptera); b, diagram of tentorium of a grasshopper with most of the cranium removed; c, caudal view of head of Romalea; d, lateral view of same.

9. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 2.7 Modifications of the posteroventral region of the head:

10. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 2.8 Types of antennae.

11. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 2.9 Mouthparts and preoral cavity: a, diagram of preoral cavity and lateral view of hypopharynx; b, labrum of Romalea microptera (Acrididae); c, mandible of same; d, maxilla of same; e, labium of same.

12. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 2.10 Examples of insects with mandibulate mouthparts.

13. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 2.11 Structures contributing to the piercing-sucking beak of Hemiptera.

14. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 2.12 Diversity of mouthparts in Diptera.