1. Turf Insect Pest

2. Introduction Turfgrass value: functional, aesthetic, and economic All values adversely affected by pest Over 300 million acres of turf in the US 81 percent in more than 50 million lawns 19 percent in parks, golf courses, athletic fields, cemeteries, sod farms, roadsides, other sites Turfgrass culture a 25 plus billion dollar per year industry in the US

3. Introduction 500,000 plus people make their living directly from the establishment and maintenance of turf 25 to 30 million households use pesticides at least once yearly on lawns to control insect pests @ cost > 1 billion dollars

4. Driving Factors in Turfgrass Pest Management Increasing demand for high quality turf Increasing public concern about potential risks to human health and environment

5. Diagnosis and Sampling of Insect Pests Damage caused by insects can often be confused with diseases, drought, or pesticide injury Therefore, proper diagnosis is the first step in any successful control program

6. Diagnosis and Sampling of Insect Pests Specific pest identification (start with ‘suspects’) Sampling (based on suspected causes of damage)

7. Diagnosis Guided by the Use of the Knowledge Regarding Type of damage Location of habitat Season of occurrence Other clues

8. General Indications of Potential or Actual Insect Pest Problems Surface Feeding Large numbers of birds feeding on turf area Small moths flying zigzag patterns over the turf surface, especially in late evening Rapid loss of green color similar to fertilizer burn or drought injury, even though the area is adequately irrigated Frass at or near the soil surface

9. General Indications of Potential or Actual Insect Pest Problems Subsurface feeding Loose turf surface indicated by poor footing or excessive traffic injury Damage to turf by insect feeding mammals (moles, skunks, and raccoons) Overall thinning of turf Chlorotic areas/ patches of browning turf

10. Three Major Habitat areas for Insects in Turf Leaves and stems Thatch Soil

11. Insect Pest in/on Leaves and Stems Most easily controlled because treatments may be applied directly; timing of application is the most important criterion Detected by careful examination of stems, leaf sheath and leaves (May require magnification) Bermudagrass mite Winter grain mite Rhodesgrass mealybug Greenbug Fruit fly

12. Insect Pest in Thatch Thick thatch (grater than ½ inch) attracts chinch bugs and others. May impede penetration of pesticides into the soil Chinch bugs Sod webworms Cutworms Armyworms Fiery skipper

13. Insect Pest in Thatch Detection Flotation primarily to determine the presence or absence of chinch bugs Detergent flushes for caterpillars, weevils, mole crickets and other insects With either of these techniques, it is important to sample at the edges of heavily damaged areas since the highest insect populations are often located here rather than in areas already exhibiting severe damage

14. Insect Pest in the Soil Much more restricted in movement Mole crickets Ground pearls White grubs Billbugs European cranefly Primary sampling by examination of the root zone and the soil and sod Soap flushes work well for mole crickets

15. Types of Damage Chewing insects most common type among turfgrass insects They have strong mandibles which bite or sever tissues Damage symptoms exhibit physical removal of plant tissues Stripping away of the epidermis of leaves Notching of leaves and stems Complete severing of plant parts

16. Types of Damage Chewing Insects Cont. Hollowing out of stems and crowns Pruning of roots Most chewing insects of turf are immature forms (larvae and nymphs) but a few adults are also included Common chewing pest: White grubs, armyworms, mole crickets, sod webworms

17. Types of Damage Sucking Insects Sucking insects pierce and suck plant tissue with modified mouthparts that form a beak which surrounds needle-like mandibles and maxillae Salivary secretions (sometimes toxic to the plant) are pumped into the plant to aid in sucking up plant sap and cell contents Plants injured by this method of feeding generally remain completely intact

18. Types of Damage Sucking Insects Cont. The entire plant starts to deteriorate because of the loss of plant sap or in the response to the injection of toxic salivary secretions Early symptoms: Yellowing, wilting, blasting of leaves, necrosis, followed by browning and death of plant Both adults and nymphs of piercing sucking insects damage turf Common insects in this group include chinch bugs, greenbugs, and ground pearls

19. Seasonal Occurrence Differences in seasonal occurrence of insects and damage provides diagnostic clue Winter: only the winter grain mite causes damage during winter Spring: European crane fly, mole crickets in warm humid regions, and the single generation scarabaeids may cause damage in the spring Summer: everything else (for example multiple generations of scarabaeids) Fall: Mole crickets and white grubs

20. Value of early Detection Early symptoms frequently evident before the actual pest is observed Damage can progress rapidly when large numbers of insects are present Some insects easier to control in early stage of development

21. Early Symptoms First symptom of damage caused by leaf and stem-feeding insects is yellowing of leaves in small isolated patches Root feeders cause a gradual thinning of the turf Positive attribution of symptoms to a pest requires determination that the pest is present in a damaging stage Dead or brown turf may no longer be harboring the pest responsible Proper identification is important for proper treatment and prevention

22. Insect Control Strategies for Turf Cultural Control Host plant resistance The underling susceptibility or suitability or the lack thereof… principle method of control…exhibits constant pressure of each pest generation…immunity is the ultimate level but rarely obtainable…exhibition of various degrees of resistance or susceptibility to best Endophytes sometimes contribute to resistance

23. Insect Control Strategies for Turf Cultural Control Turf Vigor Vigorous, steadily growing stands can deter permanent turf damage Rapidly growing rhizomes and stolons quickly fill in small localized dead patches High nitrogen fertilizer can help recover a generally thinned stand

24. Insect Control Strategies for Turf Cultural Control Soil Moisture In high temperature and moisture stress, two groups of insects, chinch bugs and sod webworms, do most of their damage, with the grass going into dormancy, making damage difficult to detect When adequate moisture is present, symptoms of damage are easier to detect in the form of yellow leaves and small brown patches

25. Insect Control Strategies for Turf Cultural Control Thatch Management Affects some insects directly (chinch bugs), also affects the efficacy of insecticide applications Many organic insecticides adsorb to organic matter Dursban is very readily bound to thatch Many registered pesticides are broken down readily in UV light, and so they must penetrate quickly to do their job

26. Insect Control Strategies for Turf Biological Control Predators, parasites, and pathogens that attack pest species. Predators include other insects and sometimes vertebrates Advantages of natural controls include their safety, relative permanence, and relative economy, although all of these don’t apply in all cases

27. Insect Control Strategies for Turf Biological Control Predators Free-living organisms that consume a prey; relatively non-specific such as: Ground beetles, spiders, some ants, big- eyed bugs, phytoseiid mites and staphalinids common

28. Insect Control Strategies for Turf Biological Control Parasitoids Insects that have a parasite-like relationship to their host, resulting in host death, develop inside host; quite host- specific, include a number of Hymenoptera and Diptera

29. Insect Control Strategies for Turf Biological Control Pathogens Fungi, viruses, and bacterial organisms, with some nematodes and protozoans; host specific, potentially self-sustaining, depend heavily on environmental conditions to work milky disease (bacterial disease of Japanese beetle grubs) B. thuringiensis, a commercially used pathogen of lepidoptera and others Nematodes, commercially inoculated with a bacterial pathogen, used against a number of soil-dwelling turf pests

30. Insect Control Strategies for Turf Chemical Controls Pesticides (see current state recommendations) Important to follow label directions accurately Adherence to legal requirements may be necessary Most must be watered in after application