2. A. A. Definition B. B. History 1. 1. Microscopes Cytology I. I. Introduction

3. a. In the 16 th century, Galileo used simple pieces of glass to visualize and describe the eye of an insect. b. In the 17 th century, Van Leeuwenhoek ground glass to visualize the structure of cells like bacteria and sperm. c. Robert Hooke used ground glass to visualize cork structure and coined the term “cellulae” or cell. The advantage of a microscope  magnification and resolution; Magnification  to enlarge; Resolution  to clearly distinguish two objects or clarity

4. 2. 2. Cell Theory

5. In the 19 th century Schleiden and Schwann said a. Cells are the smallest functional units of life and b. All living things are made up of cells. Later in the 19 th century Virchow and Pasteur added c. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells.

6. A. A. Microscopes 1. 1. Light II. II. Cytological Tools

8. a. Bright Fieldb. Dark Field c. Phase Contrastd. Confocal

9. 2. 2. Electron

10. a. Transmissionb. Scanning c. Environmental TEM/SEM

11. B. B. Stains

12. a. Vital Stains are mainly from various plant pigments. for for Contrast

13. b. Antibody stains are more specific and are made by exposing antigen to some host animal. More Contrast

14. A. A. Strategies 1. 1. Prokaryotes III. III. Basic Cell Design

15. a. Cell Size Limits  Surface to Volume Ratio Figure 4.2

16. b. Characteristics Figure 4.4

19. 2. 2. Eukaryotes

20. Representative Animal Cell Figure 4.7

21. Representative Plant Cell Figure 4.8

22. B. B. Parts 1. 1. Cell Membrane a. Molecular Structure

23. Figure 4.5 Which molecule would act as an impermeable barrier? Which molecule would act as an cellular label or antenna? Which molecule(s) would act as a transporter? Which molecule(s) would act to stiffen the membrane?

24. b. Functions

25. Membrane Protein Functions

26. i. Passive Transport

27. Requirements = With a Concentration Gradient, Small Molecules, Requires No Energy Expenditure, and Relatively Non-polar Mechanisms = Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis Page 82

28. Osmosis  movement of a solvent (usually H 2 O) across a semi-permeable membrane Figure 5.13

29. ii. Active Transport

30. Requirements = Uses Energy, Protein Channel, Large Molecules, and Goes against the Concentration Gradient Mechanisms = Molecular Figure 5.14

31. Mechanisms = Bulk Figure 5.15 If the arrowheads were reversed could you tell the difference?

32. Mechanisms = Cell-Mediated Once inside the vesicle is the material really inside the cell? Figure 5.16

33. 2. 2. Cytosol = Cell Sap a. Consistency b. Molecular Make-up

34. a. Cytosol consistency  like thickening Jell-O b. Molecular make-up  92% is water, 7% protein, and the rest is gases, salts, lipids, and the like dissolved in the water

35. 3. 3. Organelles = Cell Machinery a. Membrane Bound

36. Nucleus = the keeper of the plans Figure 4.9 Chromatin, nucleolus envelope, and pores,

37. Endomembrane System = rER, sER, and Golgi Figure 4.12

38. House cleaners -> Lysosome or Peroxisome

39. Energy Transformers = the Chloroplast and the Mitochondria Figure 4.14 Figure 4.15

40. Vacuoles = Cell storage sites Animal Types = Food (sugars, lipids, etc), or Contractile (water storage) Plant Types = Central (water storage), Amyloplasts (store starch), and Chromoplasts (store Pigments)

41. b. Non-Membrane Non-Membrane Bound

42. Cytoskeleton Figure 4.17

43. Ribosome and Centrioles Figure 4.19

44. C. C. Cellular Specializations 1. 1. Microvilli

45. Microvilli = short non-moving membrane extensions (orange area) to increase cell’s overall surface area

46. 3. 3. Flagella 2. 2. Cilia

47. Flagella = longer cellular extensions to move the entire cell Cilia = long, moving internal cellular extensions to move something across the cell surface. Figure 4.20

48. 4. 4. Intercellular Junctions

49. i. Plants ii. Animals Figure 4.11 Figure 4.21 Figure 4.23 Always think function?

50. 5. 5. Extracellular Interactions

51. Always think function?

52. Focus on the goal.