1. REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON REACHING THE MOST VULNERABLE WITH HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT AND SAFE STORAGE WATER STORAGE AND LINKS TO VECTOR BORNE DISEASE unite for children 10-13 November, 2014 Don Chan palace, Vientiane, Lao PDR Bishnu Timilsina, Chief, WASH UNICEF Lao PDR

2. Introduction 2  Vectors transmit diseases through bites. Mosquitoes, ticks, bedbugs, etc. are the vectors.  These diseases are commonly found in tropical and sub-tropical regions.  Vector-borne diseases account for 17% of the estimated global burden of all infectious diseases like malaria.  Dengue -World's fastest growing vector-borne disease  Improper storage of water at home, poor drainage and uncollected waste in the community leading to stagnant water, is the main cause of the increased population of vectors.

3. Lifecycle of Vectors (Mosquitos) and Related Diseases 3  Mosquitoes need stagnant water to breed  Mosquitoes breed, and lay eggs throughout the warm months.  Mainly, dengue fever, chikungunya, encephalitis, malaria, yellow fever, and West Nile Virus (WNV) are commonly found vector borne diseases.

4. Link with water storage 4  The relatively frequent detection of faecal indicator bacteria in rain water is not surprising, given that roof catchments and gutters are subject to contamination by bird and small animal droppings.  There is no risk of dengue mosquito laying its eggs in water kept in a pot for a day,

5. Link with Water Containers 5  Most mosquitoes lay eggs that require water for hatching. Some mosquitoes lay eggs directly on the surface of water  Mosquito is attracted towards water with traces of dust in it.  If pot is kept in the open for six days it may carry some particles of dust and attract dengue mosquito to breed in it.

6. Link with Water Containers 6 Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus breeds almost entirely in man-made container habitats inside and close to human habitation, particularly items such as rain-filled discarded food and beverage containers, plastic packaging, used tyres, domestic water storage containers and any other confined, water-filled containers.

7. Common container 7 Large discarded containers (tires, damaged appliances) and small discarded containers (paint cans) Top of Page Trash cans, pails or buckets, painting trays, toys Top of Page Containers that are filled with water by people and also collect rain water Water-storage containers (wells, tanks, cisterns, barrels, jars, buckets). Top of Page Common containers in which eggs develop into adult dengue mosquitoes

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9. Control Vector Breeding from Long Term Storage 9  Emptying vessels more often than every 7 days strongly reduced pupal production  System like RWH needs longer term storage. because it needs to balance water over year not day or month  Only way of delink vectors from storage is sealing.

10. Removing breeding sites 10 Critical in Laos/Cam/VN conditions: 1.Remove stagnant water around the home, turn over pots/coconuts/tins 2.When collecting rainwater: clean the gutters as well, do not allow leaves to create stagnant water 3.Keep tanks well covered and ensure functioning screen in critical places

11. RWH storage as breading sites 11 Mosquito breeding in RWH tank can be controlled by using screen on way from gutter to tank

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14. GUIDANCE ON USE OF RAINWATER TANKS [Australia MoH] 14 Rainwater tanks have been identified as potential breeding sites for vectors of dengue virus and the WHO recommends all tanks have screens or other devices to prevent adult mosquitoes from emerging (WHO 1997). In Queensland it has long been suggested that rainwater tanks are associated with breeding of Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue virus (Kay et al. 1984). This was confirmed in an outbreak of dengue in the Torres Strait Islands in 1996–97 (Hanna et al. 1998). In addition, a survey conducted in the Torres Strait Islands in 2002 detected adult mosquitoes, including Aedes aegypti, in rainwater tanks with missing or faulty insect screens (Ritchie et al. 2002

15. WSP for RWH 15 NOHazardsRiskControlMonitoring When Corrective action 1Roof not cleaned properly of faecal material found 4Cleaning of roof and gutter Before rainfall Clean roof regularly 2Tree overhanging over collection tank 3Tree branches do not overhang the roof and tank AnnualTrim trees 3Animal and bird entering the tank 3All opening on tank free from animal and bird entry AnnualInstall and repair inspection cover and vents mesh 4Tank dirty and accumulation of sediment 4Tank cleaned regularly and disinfected annually AnnualClean tank regularly and disinfect. 5First flush of water enter into the tank 5First flush diversion in place and used properly Before raining Install first flush system and train users.

16. WSP for RWH 16 NOHazardsRiskControlMonitorin g When Corrective action 6Unhygenic withdraw of water 5Install tap or other sanitary means for withdraw MonthlyMove contamination source or improve sanitary condition 7Leaching of chemical in to intake 3No source of chemical or set back distance At installation Install tap at least 5 cm above base of tank 8Leakage or cracks on tank 2Free from leakage and cracks AnnualSanitary inspection 9Water not filtered2Filter installed and maintained AnnualInstall and clean filter 10Leaching of chemical from roof(pb, As) Material of roof approved At installation Material tested or approved

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19. Conclusion 19  Both drinking water and unmanaged waste water can be the causes of vector borne disease if not handled properly  Storage tank and vessels for drinking water need to be emptied and dried regularly within one week  Storage tank at system level need to be covered or screen applied to control mosquito get in to water tank  Stagnant water around community need to be drained as part of sanitation activities.  Environmental Management, Chemical Control (Inseticides) and Social Mobilization (Incl. Community Awareness) together can be used as tools for vectors controls.

20. Rain Water Harvesting Clean Roof First flush/filter Standing water Clean tank, annual cleaning & disinfection Thanks For Your Attention