2. Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) Accidents in HEMS & Offshore Operations & Helicopters EGPWS (H-TAWS) Yasuo Ishihara Honeywell International Flight Safety Systems Sr. Principal Engineer

3. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 U.S. Rotorcraft Accidents Source: FAA Accident Incident Database

4. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 U.S. Helicopter CFIT Accidents Based on accidents in U.S. between 1992 - 2004 (NTSB Accident Database)

5. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 U.S. Helicopter CFIT Accidents Based on accidents in U.S. between 1992 - 2004 (NTSB Accident Database)

6. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 U.S. EMS Helicopter CFIT Accidents Based on accidents in U.S. between 1992 - 2004 (NTSB Accident Database)

7. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 U.S. EMS Helicopter CFIT Accidents Based on accidents in U.S. between 1992 - 2004 (NTSB Accident Database)

8. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 Terrain Awareness Display Highest elevation within the display (x 100 Feet) Black CYAN - Bodies of Water Aircraft Alt 50% Red +500’ 50% Green -500’ 25% Yellow -250’ 50% Yellow 0’ 16% Green -1500’ Green/Black Interface (x 100 Feet) Lower Elevation # Green/Black Interface (MSL)

9. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 Terrain Awareness Display At 2,500 Feet At 3,000 Feet At 3,500 Feet

10. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 Look Ahead Algorithm WARNING AREA WARNING LOOK AHEAD DISTANCE WARNING LOOK UP DISTANCE CENTER TINE STARTING WIDTH = 280 ft POINTS ALONG GROUND TRACK PLUS A LEAD ANGLE DURING TURNS FLIGHT PATH ANGLE (FPA) TERRAIN CLEARANCE FLOOR AREA CAUTION CAUTION LOOK UP DISTANCE CAUTION LOOK AHEAD DISTANCE

11. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 Terrain Database

12. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 Low Altitude Mode In a valley Near a hill/mountain Low level flight (Below 500’ AGL)

13. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 Inhibit Terrain / Audio Inhibit – Disable TERR alert/warning – Leave TERR Display ON Close proximity to terrain / obstacle

14. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 Other Modes SINK RATE PULL UP Mode 1 - Excessive Descent Rate TERRAIN PULL UP Mode 2 - Excessive Terrain Closure Rate DON'T SINK Mode 3 - Descent After Takeoff TOO LOW TERRAIN "TOO LOW TERRAIN" "TOO LOW GEAR" Mode 4 - Terrain Clearance Glideslope Runway/Helipad Glideslope Beam Center Mode 5 - Glideslope

15. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 Other Modes Mode 6 - Altitude Callout ONE HUNDRED MINIMUMS Mode 6 – Bank Angle TAIL TOO LOW Mode 6 – Tail Strike

16. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 MARK XXII EGPWC MARK XXII EGPWS TERRAIN (on display) TERRAIN SELECT TERRAIN INOP / OVRD TERRAIN INHIBIT 6.1 x 3.0 x 10.3 in. 3.9 lbs. Installation 120 to 200 Hours PITCH / ROLL ATTITUDE 28 VDC RADIO ALT Ft, Flag, DH ENGINETORQUE GLIDESLOPE Dev, Flag, Sel WOW, Backcourse HOOKLOADED AIR DATA Alt-Rate-AS-Deg MAG HEAD LANDINGGEAR POSITION GPS GPWS WARN PULL UP GPWS TEST BELOW GLIDESLOPE BELOW G/S GLIDESLOPE CANCEL GPWS INOP GLIDESLOPE CANCELLED LOW ALT OVERRIDE LOW ALT OVERRIDE COCKPIT SPEAKER HEADPHONES ACTIVE ANTENNA INPUT (VIA COAX) TO INTERNAL GPS “STANDARD”

17. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 MARK XXI EGPWC MARK XXI EGPWS GPS GPWS INOP LOW ALT OVERRIDE LOW ALT OVERRIDE TERRAIN (on display) TERRAIN SELECT TERRAIN INOP / OVRD TERRAIN INHIBIT Alt Encoder MAG HEAD ROLL OAT 3.95 x 2.7 x 6.25 in. 1.6 lbs. 28 VDC COCKPIT SPEAKER HEADPHONES GPWS WARN PULL UP GPWS TEST Installation 50 to 80 Hours ACTIVE ANTENNA INPUT (VIA COAX) TO INTERNAL GPS “STANDARD”

18. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 Installation Example (EFIS Display)

19. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 Installation Example (Multi-Function Display)

20. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 Accidents EMS & Offshore Helicopter CFIT Accidents (Simulation)

21. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 2000 BK-117 (Day - VFR Cruise) - U.S.A.

22. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 2000 BK-117 (Day - VFR Cruise) - U.S.A.

23. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 2004 S-76 (Night - VMC) – Gulf of Mexico Probable Accident Profile

24. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 2004 Bell 407 (Night - VMC Cruise) - U.S.A. Probable aircraft track

25. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 2004 Bell 407 (Night - VMC Cruise) - U.S.A.

26. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 2004 Bell 407 (Night - VMC Cruise) - U.S.A.

27. Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS Yasuo Ishihara International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 26 - 29, 2005 Summary & Recommendations CFIT accidents can occur: – during day and night – in VMC and IMC – over a flat terrain/ocean and in mountainous location – regardless of pilot’s experience level With proper pilot training, Helicopter EGPWS (H- TAWS) can provide a high level of situational awareness by: – Terrain Awareness Display – Look-Ahead warning algorithm – Mode 1 through 6