1. Aviation Physiology HELICOPTERS

2. Terminal Objectives  Be familiar with the avoidance, recognition, and treatment of hypoxia/hyperventilation, aviation related trapped gas hazards, and decompression sickness.

3. Enabling Objectives 1.1Define hypoxia/hyperventilation. 1.2Recall four subjective/objective symptoms of hypoxia. 1.3State the emergency procedures for a suspected case of hypoxia.

4. Enabling Objectives 1.4State the NATOPS oxygen usage rules. 1.5 State three symptoms of hyperventilation. 1.6State the emergency procedures for a suspected case of hyperventilation.

5. Enabling Objectives 1.7Recall the causes, symptoms, and treatment of an inflight ear block, inflight sinus block, barodontalgia, and trapped intestinal gas. 1.8Recall methods for avoiding an inflight ear block, inflight sinus block, inflight tooth pain, and trapped gas. 1.9Define decompression sickness ( DCS) 1.10State the situations where DCS is likely to occur.

6. Enabling Objectives 1.11Distinguish between Type I and Type II DCS. 1.12State the symptoms for Type I and Type II DCS. 1.13State the NATOPS rules regarding scuba diving and flying. 1.14State the emergency treatment for suspected DCS inflight.

7. AVIATION PHYSIOLOGY HYPOXIA HYPERVENTILATION TRAPPED GAS DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS

8. Hypoxia

9. A Condition That Occurs When Insufficient Oxygen Is Supplied To Body Tissues

10. Causes Of Hypoxia Cabin altitude >10K’ without O2 Loss of cabin pressure (KC-130) Anemia (A/C exhaust, blood donation, smoking, illness) Chemical and Biological Warfare Blood pooling due to prolonged sitting during long flights

11. TYPES OF HYPOXIA ANEMIC HISTOTOXIC STAGNANT HYPOXIC

12. ANEMIC HYPOXIA Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood... –TRAUMA –CARBON MONOXIDE –BLOOD DONATION

13. ANEMIC HYPOXIA Types of toxic substances: –Aspirin –Nitrates –sulfanilamide's Reductions due to conditions that effect red blood cell count: –Sickle cell anemia –Malnutrition –Sepsis

14. HISTOTOXIC HYPOXIA Reduction in the ability of tissues to utilize oxygen... –ALCOHOL –DRUGS

15. Stagnant Hypoxia During prolonged mission flights blood may begin to pool in the extremities Pooling increases, vision begins to fade(gray-out). Blackout occurs due to a lack of blood to the brain.

16. Stagnant Hypoxia  Specific conditions :  Heart failure  Shock  Arterial spasm  Occlusion of blood vessels from tissue edema  Embolus  Thrombus  Plaques  Infarcts

17. HYPOXIC HYPOXIA A REDUCED AMOUNT OF OXYGEN IN THE INSPIRED GASES …ALTITUDE

18. HYPOXIC HYPOXIA  Reduction of alveolar O2 tension  Interferes with gas exchange in two areas:  Ventilation  Diffusion Ventilation caused by:  Reduced barometric pressure  Laryngospasm  Severe asthma  Hypoventilation

19. HYPOXIC HYPOXIA  Reduction of alveolar O2 tension  Interferes with gas exchange in two areas:  Ventilation  Diffusion Diffusion caused by:  Pulmonary edema  pneumothorax  Pulmonary embolism  Embolism  Congenital heart defects

20. SUBJECTIVE SYMPTOMS Tingling sensation Dizziness Fatigue Air hunger Euphoria Hyperventilation

21. OBJECTIVE SYMPTOMS Increased breathing rate Cyanosis Confusion Loss of muscular coordination Unconsciousness

22. HYPOXIA TREATMENT OXYGEN 100% CHECK EQUIPMENT DESCEND COMMUNICATE CONTROL BREATHING

23. HYPERVENTILATION

24. Excessive rate and/or depth of breathing resulting in reduced CO 2 levels in the brain

25. HYPERVENTILATION CAUSES STRESS/ANXIEY HYPOXIA TREATMENT Same as Hypoxia SYPMTOMS Tingling Rapid Breathing Hot/Cold Flashes Visual Impairment Dizziness Muscle Spasms

26. TRAPPED GAS Site level 10,000 feet 18,000 feet 25,000 feet 43,000 feet EARS SINUSES GASTRO- INTESTINAL TEETH

27. EAR BLOCK Causes Symptoms Treatment

28. Ear Block Treatment ( Ascent ) 1.Yawn 2. Chew 3. Swallow 4. Descend

29. Ear Block Treatment ( Descent ) äValsalva… ä Yawn, Chew, Swallow ä Slow descent rate äPost Flight Ear Block: äCaused by absorbsion of O2 within the middle ear äTREATMENT = Frequent Valsalva

30. SINUS BLOCK CAUSE SYMPTOMS TREATMENT FRONTALS ETHMOIDS SPHENOID MAXILLARY

31. Sinus Block Treatment Descend  Stop descent / Level Off  Valsalva  Slow descent

32. GI Tract Trapped Gas Causes Symptoms Prevention / Treatment

33. Causes of GI Trapped Gas  Diet (food and drinks)  Illness

34. Trapped Gas Treatment 1.VENT 2. SLOW ASCENT RATE 3. DESCEND

35. Barodontalgia  Causes  Symptoms  Treatment

36. Barodontalgia Treatment  DESCENT  PREVENTION:  “Avoid flying for 48-72 hours following major dental work”

37. DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS Aviation DCS Evolved Nitrogen gas in the body often attributed to a decreased atmospheric pressure. - 18K’ Type I (Non-Serious) –Bends –Skin Manifestations Type II (Serious) –Chokes –CNS –Multiple Symptoms

38. FACTORS AFFECTING DCS Scuba diving Hydration level Repeated exposures Length of time at altitude Rate of ascent Altitude (18,000ft)

39. TREATMENT OF DCS 100% OXYGEN (If Available) DESCEND IMMOBILIZE SEEK QUALIFIED MEDICAL TREATMENT RECOMPRESSION ?

40. SUMMARY HYPOXIA HYPERVENTILATION TRAPPED GAS DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS

41. ?