1. Basic Vibration Analysis.

2. How Vibration Is Analyzed Types of Vibration Surveys
What Is Vibration?
Terminology
Equipment
How Vibration Is Analyzed
Types of Vibration Surveys
Interpreting a Vibration Survey
Basic Balancing
Predictive Maintenance

3. What Is Vibration?
Vibration is the physical movement or oscillation of a mechanical part about a reference position.

4. What Is Vibration? Why do we care about vibration?
Vibration is:
Wasted energy
A major cause of premature component failure
Cause of aircraft noise which contributes to crew and passenger discomfort

5. Terminology
Prior to any discussion of vibration, it is important to first understand the common terms used for vibration analysis and their applications.

6. Terminology Amplitude
Amplitude is an indicator of the severity of a vibration. Amplitude can be expressed as one of the following engineering units:
Velocity
Acceleration
Displacement

7. Terminology Velocity
Velocity is the rate of change in position
Typical velocity units are: IPS (Inches Per Second), mm/sec (millimeters per second)
Velocity is the most accurate measure of vibration because it is not frequency related rpm is the same as rpm.

8. Terminology Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity and is the measurement of the force being produced.
Acceleration is expressed in gravitational forces or “G’s”, (1G = ft/sec/sec)
Acceleration is frequency related, in that rpm is not the same as rpm.

9. Terminology Displacement
Displacement is a measure of the actual distance an object is moving from a reference point.
Displacement is expressed in “mils” 1 mil = .001 inch
Displacement is also frequency related, in that rpm is not the same as rpm.

10. Terminology - Continued
Unit Modifiers:
Since vibration is transmitted as an AC signal, there are four Unit Modifiers that may be used to condition the signal. These modifiers have a direct impact on the measurement value. If the wrong modifier is used, the measurement could be either too high, or too low, thus causing possible maintenance action to be, or not to be, accomplished erroneously.

11. Unit Modifiers:
Peak to Peak - the distance from the top of the positive peak to bottom of the negative peak.
Peak - the measurement from the zero line to the top of the positive peak.
Average (AVG) of peak.
Root Mean Square (RMS) of peak.

12. Terminology Frequencies
The rate of mechanical oscillation in a period of time. Frequency can be expressed in one of the following units:
RPM - Revolutions per Minute
CPM - Cycles per Minute
CPS - Cycles per Second
Hz - Hertz, 1 Hz - 1 Cycle per Second (to convert from Hz to RPM or CPM, apply the following formula: Hz * 60 = RPM.

13. Types of Vibration
Vibration can be classified into one or more of the following categories:
Periodic
Random
Resonant
Harmonic

14. Terminology - Types of Vibration Periodic
Repeats itself once every time period
Result of a mass imbalance in a component or disc.
As the component rotates, it produces a “bump” every rotation which is referred to a the once-per-revolution or “1P” vibration.
This vibration is usually correctable by balancing.

15. Terminology - Types of Vibration Random
Do not repeat themselves
Not related to a fundamental frequency.
An example - the shock that is felt as a result of driving down the road and hitting a pothole

16. Terminology - Types of Vibration Resonant
The natural frequency at which an airframe or mechanical system is inclined to vibrate. All things have one or more resonant frequencies.
Resonant vibrations are the result of a response in a mechanical system to a periodic driving force.

17. Terminology - Types of Vibration Harmonic
Exact multiples of a fundamental frequency
Classified in terms as 1st, 2nd, 3rd…..

18. Terminology Bandwidth
Upper and lower frequency limits of the survey being acquired - either hardware set (with the use of an external band pass filter) or software controlled by the analyzer.
Setting the frequency bandwidth is a way of eliminating vibration data or noise that is of no interest for your particular application.
In the survey above, the frequency bandwidth is 0 CPM to 3000 CPM

19. Terminology Resolution
The resolution of a spectrum is the number of lines or points used to plot the spectrum.
The higher the number of lines, the more data acquired.

20. Equipment
Sensor
A transducer that converts mechanical motion into electronic signals.
Three categories:
Displacement
Velocity
Accelerometer

21. Sensor Type Displacement
Measures the distance an object is moving from a reference position. This distance is typically reported in mils.
Most accurate in frequencies below 10 Hz, or 600 RPM

22. Sensor Type Velocity
Measures the rate of change of position an object is moving, and is commonly reported in Inches Per Second (IPS)
Best suited to measure vibrations between ~ 10 Hz and 1000 Hz, or 600 to 6000 RPM.

23. Sensor Type Accelerometer
Measures the rate of change of velocity per time period. Acceleration is reported in Gs
Most effective frequency range for an accelerometer is above 1000 Hz, or 6000 RPM.

24. Sensor Selection
The first consideration is manufacturer’s recommendations. If none exist, then:
Frequency Range
Environmental conditions

25. Sensor Installation Varies depending upon the application.
Most manufactures provide the specific location for mounting and this should be strictly adhered to. If these recommendations are not followed, the resulting measurements may be invalid.
Generally, mount in a location that provides the closest proximity to the component of interest.

26. How Vibration Is Analyzed
Time Domain - Vibration vs. Time.
A vibration signal is presented as a sin wave form with all frequencies and amplitudes combining to give one overall signal.

27. What a Vibration Sensor Sees
Signals from four helicopter component vibrations: Main Rotor 1x, Main Rotor 2x, Tail Rotor, and Tail Rotor Drive combined by the vibration sensor to produce one signal.
This would be difficult at best to use as a means of determining vibration faults in mechanical structure.
Creating better aviation maintenance solutions...

28. Separated, the four signals are distiguishable
Separated, the four signals are distiguishable. To separate the signals, a conversion is required.
Creating better aviation maintenance solutions...

29. How Vibration Is Analyzed
Frequency Domain
By applying the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) algorithm to a Time Domain signal, it is converted to the Frequency Domain.
In the Frequency Domain, each individual amplitude and frequency point are displayed.

30. The Frequency domain spectra shown here has separated all four of the components listed earlier, Main Rotor 1x, 2x, Tail Rotor, and Tail Rotor Drive, into their own individual points showing both the frequency (RPM) and Amplitude (IPS).

31. Types of Vibration Surveys
Overall Vibration
Steady State
Transient
Synchronous
Peak Hold
All have a very specific application.

32. Types of Vibration Surveys Overall Vibration
Outputs the sum of all vibration measured within a specified frequency range.
Used as an initial “alarm” type survey, whereby if the overall indication is above a specified value, a more detailed survey is performed to identify the possible cause.

33. Types of Vibration Surveys Steady State
Used to measure vibration at a constant engine/component operational frequency.
Used to determine the speed / frequency at which balancing should be performed. It can also be used to identify critical operational conditions.

34. Types of Vibration Surveys Transient
Data collected during a controlled change in the aircraft / component operational frequency.
Often used in trending vibration over time by comparing surveys taken at specified intervals.

35. Types of Vibration Surveys Peak Hold
The maximum amplitude value measured is captured and held.

36. Types of Vibration Surveys Synchronous
Utilizes a tachometer signal and a filter to track vibration of a specific rotor or shaft. The filter eliminates all vibrations above and below the tachometer signal input plus or minus the filter value.
Used to determine the amplitude and phase (clock) angle of an imbalance condition.

37. Interpreting a Vibration Survey
Define the frequency range
Identify component frequency.
Frequency charts
Multiple components within a system such as a gearbox will have the ratio listed versus some operational speed of the assembly, typically 100 %.

38. Interpreting a Vibration Survey Using a Cursor
Modern digital analysis equipment provides for identification of frequencies within a spectral plot with the use of a cursor.
When the cursor is placed over a peak in the plot, the specific frequency and amplitude values for that point are displayed.
15300 RPM >
0.324 Amplitude >

39. Interpreting a Vibration Survey - continued
Harmonic Cursor
Using the same example as before, the harmonic multiples of the primary peak identified can also be identified by using the harmonic option (if available). When the harmonic function is pressed,
the analyzer will position one additional cursor at each of the multiples throughout the range.

40. Aerodynamic Imbalance
Basic Balancing
Mass Imbalance
Aerodynamic Imbalance

41. Fundamentals of Balancing Data Collection and Processing
The vibration sensor is installed on the engine as near the front bearing as possible.
The Phototach is mounted on the cowling, behind the propeller.
The reflective tape is applied to the back side of the target propeller blade in line with the Phototach beam.
The mass is located by the relative occurrence of tach trigger and mass passage at the radial sensor location.

42. Fundamentals of Balancing Data Collection and Processing
As the heavy spot on the propeller passes the location of the vibration sensor, the sensor generates and sends an electrical pulse to the analyzer.
The Reflective tape triggers a response as it passes the Phototach, which then sends an electrical signal to the analyzer.

43. Fundamentals of Balancing Data Collection and Processing
In this illustration, the vibration sensor and Phototach beam are co-located at the 12:00 or 0 degree position. Rotation is clock-wise from the viewers position. This is our starting point, elapsed time = 0

44. Fundamentals of Balancing Data Collection and Processing
The speed is 1 RPM. Fifteen seconds (90 degrees) of travel has occurred. In this sequence, the reflective tape has just entered the Phototach beam to trigger the tach event. Elapsed time = 15 seconds.

45. Fundamentals of Balancing Data Collection and Processing
In this sequence, the mass (heavy spot) is passing the accelerometer position, 15 seconds (90 degrees) after the tape passed the Phototach beam. Elapsed time = 15 seconds (90 degrees of travel).

46. Fundamentals of Balancing Data Collection and Processing
The tape and mass have both passed the 0 degree location. The unit now waits for the exact sequence to repeat for averaging.
Solution would be to add weight at 270 degrees.

47. Fundamentals of Balancing Data Collection and Processing
The process is repeated while the analyzer averages out errors caused by momentary vibration events outside the running average.

48. Predictive Maintenance
Define interval
Define requirements
Select equipment that meets requirements
Implement the program
Evaluate the program

49. Predictive Maintenance Define Interval
How often do we acquire data?
Inspections/Hourly
Define Requirements
What components do we have interest in?

50. Predictive Maintenance Select equipment that meets requirements
Frequency Range
Environmental Conditions
Software
Cost
Implement the program
Evaluate the program

51. Review What Is Vibration? Terminology Equipment
How Vibration Is Analyzed
Types of Vibration Surveys
Interpreting a Vibration Survey
Basic Balancing
Predictive Maintenance

52. Contact