1. The ABC-Pyr: a scientific laboratory at 5079 m asl for the study of atmospheric composition change and climate 1. CNR - Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Bologna, Italy 2. CNRS - Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière Cedex, France 3. Urbino University, Department of Environmental Science 4. DLR – Institute of Atmospheric Physics 5. EV-K 2 -CNR Committee Paolo Bonasoni 1 & Paolo Laj 2 U.Bonafè 1, F.Calzolari 1, P.Cristofanelli 1, A.Marinoni 1, F.Roccato 1, MC.Facchini 1, S.Fuzzi 1, GP.Gobbi 1, JM.Pichon 2, H. Venzac 2, K.Sellegri 2, P.Villani 2, M.Maio- ne 3, J.Arduini 3, A.Petzold 4, E.Villermoz 5

2. Coordinate: Lat. N 27°57'28.1" Lon. E 86°48'53.6" Altitude: 5079 m asl

3. Implementation Plan for the ABC-Pyr Laboratory April 2005 - Contract is signed between CNR-ISAC and EvK2 May 2005 - The ABC-Pyr site in the Himalayas has been chosen, in order to carry out representative measurements of atmospheric compounds May-September 2005 - Scientific discussions for the implementation plan among partners June- October 2005 -Acquisition and Construction of instrumentation and inlets. Development of data acquisition and trasmission procedures Sept.-Oct.-Nov. 2005 -ABC-Pyr laboratory mounted and tested in Bologna with full instrumentation November 2005 -ABC-Pyr laboratory sent to Nepal (20m 3 ) January-February 2006 -ABC-Pyr laboratory mounted and first measurements performed From March 2006 -Monitoring operations

4. In the Himalayas the experimental activity will be realized using renewable energy from 112 photovoltaic panels and 120 electric storage cells as well as state- of-the-art data acquisition and satellite communication systems. ABC-Pyr The ABC-Pyr technological goal

5. CNR-ISAC OPGC-CNRS DLR UNI-URB EV-K 2 -CNR UNEP – ABC State-of-the-art data acquisition and co mide pyra SHELTER PYRAMID CNR – ISAC Bologna QA/QC The remote control of the instruments will be possible from CNR and CNRS Institutes. The data are sent to the CNR Institute where they can be accessed by different Institutions that provide QA/QC. mmunication systems

6. This is an example of the system check using NAGIOS software, that can be carried out via satellite

7. capacity-building plan to establish and develop a scientific research laboratory at high altitude (5079 m) for continuous atmospheric compound measurements 20 aluminum panels Weight = 650 kg Laboratory electric storage cells 2.4 m 4 m 2.4 m It can be completely dismounted in order to favour transportation at 5000 m by helicopter and sherpa.

8. 5 holes on the roof: 3 for aerosol inlets 1 for ozone and aerosol 1 free Two aluminum roofs, covered with a UV protective waterproof sheet

9. and concerns the measurement of atmospheric aerosol tropospheric ozone, halocarbons and other greenhouse gases. properties, The instrumental set up has been defined also in accordance with the ABC project

10. Black Carbon Aerosol light absorption properties MAAP 5012 Thermo Electron Corp. Multi Angle Absorption Photometer Type of measurement Instrument

11. Aerosol chemical composition (Inorganic, organic, mass & dust) High Volume Sampler (Nepal) Chemical analyses (Italy) Type of measurements Instrument In the first year the HVS procedure (sampling and shipping included) will be tested. Positive test results will allow the analysis of inorganic components, transition metals and organic fraction, to be performed later at the ISAC-CNR.

12. Surface ozone Thermo Elect. analyzer 49C U.V. Photometric gas analyzer Type of measurements Instrument

13. Aerosol physical properties (Size distribution >300 nm) GRIMM #190 Optical Particle Counter Type of measurements Instrument

14. Aerosol optical properties Aerosol integral scattering coefficient TSI 3563 Integrating Nephelometer Type of measurements

15. Aerosol physical properties (Size distribution 15-500 nm) SMPS / DMPS Type of measurements

16. Halocarbon compounds Steel flask sampling (Nepal) Gas analysis AGILENT GC-MS (Italy) Type of measurements Instrument C2F6, SF6, HFC-23, Halon 1301, CFC-115, HFC-125, HFC-143, CFC-12, HCFC-22, CH3Cl, HFC-134a, Halon 1211, HFC-152b, CFC-114, CH3Br, HCFC-142b, HCFC- 124b, CFC-11, CH3I, CH2Cl2, HCFC-141b, CFC-113, CHCl3, CCl4, CHCCl3, CH3CCl3, C2Cl4 25 Halocarbons relevant for climate issues will be analysed in grab samples collected weekly

17. Atmospheric Optical Depth CIMEL CE 318 SKY RADIOMETER AUTOMATIC SUN TRACKING Type of measurement Instrument

18. Weather station Vaisala WAS 425 Type of measurements Instrument

19. Black Carbon - Aerosol light absorption properties MAAP Aerosol optical proprieties and integral scattering coefficient NEPH Aerosol physical proprieties (Size distribution 15-500 nm) DMPS Aerosol physical properties (Size distribution >300 nm) OPC Aerosol chemical composition (Inorganic, organic, mass & dust) HVS Atmospheric Optical Depth CIMEL Surface ozone UV-an. Halogenated & GHG Flasks MeteoVaisala ABC-Pyr Laboratory 2006-2008

20. Implementation Plan for the ABC-Pyr Laboratory OPGC-CNRS DMPS/SMPS system Nephelometer inversion procedure HiVOl sampler for Chemistry PM10 /PM1 inlets O3 data acquisition DLR - IAP MAAP firmware, acquisition and inversion procedure ISAC-CNR OPC inversion procedure Sampling systems for GHG Inlets for O3, OPC and MAAP OPCacquisition software MAAP acquisition softare O3 sampler Overall control of instrumentation Data transmission systems Shelter instrument remote controls CNR-ISAC / OPGC-CNRS 12/10/05-30/10/05 Assembling the ABC-Pyr Lab and first tests URBINO UNIVERSITY Halocarbons & GHG

21. Tests performed in Bologna DMPS-SMPS-OPC Size distribution of particles (15-1500 nm)

22. Tests performed in Bologna DMPS-SMPS-OPC Size distribution of particles (15-1500 nm) Nephelometer Size distribution of particles (15-500 nm)

23. Tests performed in Bologna DMPS-SMPS-OPC Size distribution of particles (15-1500 nm) Nephelometer Size distribution of particles (15-500 nm) MAAP BC concentration and aerosol absorption coeff.

24. Tests performed in Bologna DMPS-SMPS-OPC Size distribution of particles (15-1500 nm) Nephelometer Size distribution of particles (15-500 nm) MAAP BC concentration and aerosol absorption coeff. TEI 49C Ozone Concentrations

25. Tests performed in Bologna DMPS-SMPS-OPC Size distribution of particles (15-1500 nm) Nephelometer Size distribution of particles (15-500 nm) MAAP BC concentration and aerosol absorption coeff. TEI 49C Ozone Concentrations Hi Vol Sampler + inlets

26. Tests performed in Bologna DMPS-SMPS-OPC Size distribution of particles (15-1500 nm) Nephelometer Size distribution of particles (15-500 nm) MAAP BC concentration and aerosol absorption coeff. TEI 49C Ozone Concentrations Hi Vol Sampler + inlets All instruments have been accessed directly from ISAC and from OPGC in Clermont-Ferrand through satellite connection Instrumentation and remote communication with the ABC- pyramid laboratory appear to work properly Quality control for instrumentation and data reduction will be performed according to EUSAAR / GAW / AGAGE procedures for aerosols and gases. Ready to study the BBC (Bologna Brown Cloud)….

27. January – February 2006 Implementation at high altitude A Technical and Scientific Challenge : how to make this damned lab work properly !!! ISAC and OGPC have experience with monitoring at high altitude but we can anticipate : Rime formation on the inlets due to the presence of supercooled clouds Re-calibrating all inlets and measurement systems for low pressure conditions Measurements under either very dry or very wet conditions for nephelometers or DMPS Cannot exclude flaws in the acquisition or data transmission procedures Overcome power limitation for Hi-Vol sampler Technology transfer to local personnel: not plug-and- play instruments

28. Use of Scientific Results to obtain a chemical climatology of aerosol properties (optical, chemical and physical) at the high elevation site ABC-Pyr over the duration of the SHARE Asia experiment; to evaluate temporal trends of aerosol composition as a function of sources/transport; to evaluate the variations of radiative forcing produced by aerosols; to study the background ozone behavior and evaluate the contributions of stratospheric ozone intrusions as well as long range and regional transport of polluted air masses To monitor the concentration trends of major Halocarbons and greenhouse gases

29. Conclusions A unique laboratory for investigating composition changes A team of skilled scientists and engineers (ISAC- CNR, OPGC-CNRS, DLR) to develop and operate the laboratory Possible addition of other instruments in the future But we shall not underestimate the technical difficulties to be dealt with in order to operate the ABC-Pyr laboratory.

30. The scientific Team in Bologna

31. Grazie

33. As the Pyramid is situated in a small valley, in order to carry out representative measurements of atmospheric compounds, after a careful survey we decided on the most suitable position for the Photo: GP Verza, 18/2/2005 ABC-PYR Laboratory We chose the top of the nearest hill with a relatively free horizon.

34. 1.How do the physical, chemical, and optical properties of aerosol change at high Himalaya altitude, with season and time? 2. How do aerosol size and light scatterings change during pollution and dust air masse transport? 3. How can stratospheric intrusions and polluted long- range transport episodes contribute to O 3 concentrations? 4. What are the concentrations of greenhouse active and ozone- destroying halocarbons? ABC-Pyr Why the ABC-Pyr laboratory? To find answers to questions like