2. d. Aspiration Voiced stops (in English) are never aspirated. Voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated and sometimes not. These voiceless stops will be aspirated: a. Word-initial, regardless of stress: tap, cat, Topeka (stop precedes an unstressed vowel), command (ditto)          b. Intervocalic (between 2 vowels) but only when preceding a stressed vowel. meticulous, repair, recalcitrant, return

3. These voiceless stops will be unaspirated: a. Following /s/ stop, skate, stick, stare, spike b. Intervocalic, preceding an unstressed vowel napping, camper, sicken, supper, thirsty (Note: Sometimes these are unaspirated, sometimes they are lightly aspirated.) See Table 5-2 (p. 96) of MacKay for a nice summary with examples.

4. Voice Onset Time (VOT) VOT = Interval between articulatory release and onset of voicing. voicing onset release    voicing onset and release ~ simultaneous VOT ~0 ms VOT ~85 ms

5. Voice Onset Time (VOT) voicing onset release    Very short delay between release and voicing onset (~10 ms) VOT ~10 ms VOT ~85 ms

6.  (unaspirated  ) With  edited out

7. pack    capping     (aspirated  )  (lightly aspirated  ) /p/ precedes stressed vowel (aspirated) /p/ precedes unstressed vowel (unaspirated or lightly aspirated)