1. What is the smallest thing in the world? Chris Bellamy and Max Howells

2. How small is small A grain of sand - 0.001m –Size of Earth Size of the sun An atom - 0.000 000 001m –Size of this room A Proton - 0.000 000 000 000 01m –Proton is 1mm across 5cm across A Quark - 0.000 000 000 000 000 01m –0.001mm across 5mm across

4. The Skittle Different Flavours Red Yellow Purple Mix together Marshmallows Pink White The Quark Different Types Up Down Strange Mix together Hadrons Protons Neutrons

5. The Quark 3 in a proton Cannot exist on its own Different Types Mix in different combinations

6. Experiment Proton - Up Up Down Neutron - Up Down Down Harris-on Up = Red Down = Yellow Strange = Purple - Strange Strange

7. Unfortunately it can’t exist! Properties must add up to whole values ChargeNumberStrangeness Up2/31/30 Down-1/31/30 Strange-1/31/3 The harris-on had a charge of -2/3, Number of 2/3 and strangeness of -2 Any whole number combination can exist Only protons and neutrons are stable

8. Max QuarkAnti Quark The ‘particle’ and the ‘anti particle’ have the same mass, but all other properties e.g. charge are opposite The ‘anti photo’ has exactly the same size, but every single other colour is opposite Anti Max

9. If they Collide…. Annihilation, turn into energy

10. The Up Quark Mass - 1/3 Charge - -2/3 Nucleon Number - -1/3 The Anti Up Quark Mass - 2/3 Charge - 2/3 Nucleon Number - 1/3

11. What about the Electron? Lepton Does not contain quarks It is fundamental Like a teaser

12. Other Particles Quarks mix in any combination, Proton and Neutron stable These both contain 3 quarks –The electron has no quarks and is stable –What if we had 3 anti quarks –Or a quark and an anti quark

13. Weird Names Fermions HadronsLeptons BaryonsMesonElectron Neutrino Anti Electron Anti Neutrino Quark and Anti Quark Quarks No Quarks 3 quarks or 3 anti quarks Proton Neutron LambdaΛ 0 uds SigmaΣ 0 uds SigmaΣ - dds

14. They don’t occur naturally All of those particles except –Proton –Neutron –Electron Don’t occur naturally an are unstable So how do we make them???

15. How do we make them? Particles traveling at nearly 300000m/s –Nearly speed of light Collide Quarks Fly out Recombine as new particles

16. How do we know this? CERN in Switzerland Large Hadron Collider - 16 miles long

17. The Large Hadron Collider Particles accelerated by electromagnets –protons are steered in a circle by magnets. –Faster protons speed, more super conducting magnets required –Particles collided in the ATLAS Detector

19. What is ATLAS?

20. The size of a five story building. Full of Detectors detecting different properties Located around collision a billion collision events per second twenty simultaneous telephone conversations by every person on the earth. 1 in 10 million collisions is interesting

21. Why is ATLAS so good? Before: Bubble Chamber After: Computer analysis for a billion 3D collisions every second

22. How does it all work?? The RGS Human Accelerator Accelerator magnets Protons A Detector

23. What’s The Point 1900 - Marie Curie - Nuclear Radiation –Playing around in a shed Cure for cancer Could solve worlds energy crisis

24. Find Out More http://atlasexperiment.org/

25. Is this information useful? For us - No For the World - No For the world in 100 years time - Probably Satisfy our curiosity