1. Chapter 2
Minerals

2. Section 2.1 Matter Matter – anything that has volume and mass
On Earth exists in 3 states:
Solid - has definite shape and volume
Rocks and minerals
Liquid – has definite volume, but no definite shape
Earth’s oceans, rivers and lakes
Gas - has neither definite shape or volume
Earth’s atmosphere

3. Section 2.1 Matter
Elements – a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.
The basic building blocks of minerals.
Organized by their properties in the Periodic Table.
More than 112 know elements.
92 occur naturally, others are produced in labs.

4. Section 2.1 Matter
Periodic Table – chart of all elements organized by their properties
Rows are called periods
Columns are called groups
Elements – Name is abbreviated with 1-3 letters
Atomic number – elements in order according to this number which is located over the elements abbreviation
Mass number – the total mass of the atom is located below the abreviation

5. Periodic Table

6. Section 2.1 Matter
Atoms - the smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristics of an element.
Nucleus – central region of an atom
Contains protons and neutrons
Protons – positively charged
Neutrons – no charge, neutral
Electrons – negatively charged
Surround the atom’s nucleus
Smallest particle in an atom

7. Section 2.1 Matter
Atomic number – the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Electrons are equal to the number of protons
Atomic Mass – protons and neutrons together
Neutrons = Atomic Mass – Protons (Atomic Number)

8. Section 2.1 Matter Ti 22 – Atomic Number 47.90 – Atomic Mass
Protons = 22
Electrons = 22
Neutrons = = 26 22 Ti
Titanium
47.90

9. Section 2.1 Matter Energy Levels – shells Surround the nucleus
Contain electrons

10. Section 2.1 Matter
Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons
Have different mass numbers: the sum of the neutrons plus protons
Many Isotopes are radioactive and emit energy and particles
Mass number is the total mass of the atom (protons plus neutrons)

11. Section 2.1 Matter Why Atoms Bond
When an atom’s outermost energy level does not contain the maximum number of electrons, the atom is likely to form a chemical bond with one or more atoms.
A compound consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions.
An ion is an atom that gains or loses electrons.

12. Sections 2.1 Matter Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds form between positive and negative ions.
Covalent Bonds form when atoms share electrons.
Metallic Bonds form when metal ions share electrons.