1. Quick Sort, Shell Sort, Counting Sort, Radix Sort AND Bucket Sort
Sorting
Quick Sort, Shell Sort, Counting Sort,
Radix Sort AND Bucket Sort

2. Motivation of Sorting
Sorting algorithms contain interesting and important ideas for code optimization as well as algorithm design.

3. Merge Sort Last time we talked about Merge Sort
Recursively calls: MergeSort(1st half of list)
MergeSort(2nd half of list)
Then Merges results

4. Quick Sort
This probably the most common sort used in practice, since it is usually the quickest in practice.
It uses the idea of a partition, without using an additional array, and recursion to achieve this efficiency.

5. QuickSort Basically the partition works like this:
Given an array of n values you must randomly pick an element in the array to partition by.
Once you have picked this value, compare all of the rest of the elements to this value.
If they are greater, put them to the “right” of the partition element.
If they are less, put them to the “left” of the partition element.
So if we sort those 2 sides the whole array will be sorted. 88 35 44 99 71 20 45 42 67 61 35 44 20 42 45 88 61 99 67 71
Still need to be sorted
Still need to be sorted
In the right spot :D

6. QuickSort It should be clear that this algorithm will work
Thus, similar to MergeSort, we can use a partition to break the sorting problem into two smaller sorting problems.
QuickSort at a general level:
Partition the array with respect to a random element.
Sort the left part of the array, using Quick Sort.
Sort the right part of the array, using Quick Sort.
It should be clear that this algorithm will work
But it may not be clear why it is faster than MergeSort.
Like MergeSort it recursively solves 2 sub problems and requires linear additional work.
BUT unlike MergeSort the sub problems are NOT guaranteed to be of equal size.
The reason that QuickSort is faster is that the partitioning step can actually be performed in place and very efficiently.
This efficiency can more than make up for the lack of equal sized recursive calls.

7. How to Partition in Place8 3 6 9 2 4 7 5
Element
Pivot
LOW
HIGH
Assume for now, that we partition based on the last element in the array, 5.
Start 2 counters: Low at array index 0 High at 2nd to last index in the array
Advance the Low counter forward until a value greater than the pivot is encountered.
Advance the High counter backward until a value less than the pivot is encountered. 8 3 6 9 2 4 7 5 4 3 6 9 2 8 7 5
Element
Pivot
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
Continue to advance the counters as before.
Now, swap these 2 elements, since we know that they are both on the “wrong” side.

8. How to Partition in Place4 3 2 5 6 8 7 9 4 3 2 9 6 8 7 5 4 3 6 9 2 8 7 5
Element
Pivot
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
SWAP
When both counters line up, SWAP the last element with the counter position to finish the partition.
Now as you can see our array is partitioned into a “left” and a “right”.

9. Picking the Pivot
Although the Partition algorithm works no matter which element is chosen as the pivot, some choices are better than others.
Wrong Choice:
Just use the first element in the list
If the input is random, this is acceptable.
BUT, what if the list is already sorted or in reverse order?
Then all the elements go into S1 or S2, consistently throughout recursive calls.
So it would take O(n2) to do nothing at all! (If presorted)
EMBARRASSING!

10. Picking the Pivot A Safer Way Median-of-Three Partitioning
Choose the pivot randomly
Generally safe, since it’s unlikely the random pivot would consistently be a poor partition.
Random number generation is generally expensive.
Median-of-Three Partitioning
The best choice would be the median of the array.
But that would be hard to calculate and slow.
A good estimate is to pick 3 elements and use the median of those as the pivot.
The rule of thumb: Pick the left, center, and right elements and take the median as the pivot. 8 1 4 9 6 3 5 2 7
Left
Center
Element
Pivot
Right

11. Analysis of Quicksort
Shown on the board

12. We know the kth smalles is the pivot
Quickselect
Given an array of n elements, determine the kth smallest element.
Clearly k must lie in between 1 and n inclusive
The selection problem is different, but related to the sorting problem.
The idea is:
Partition the array.
There are 2 subarrays:
One of size m, with the m smallest elements.
The other of size n-m-1 .
If k ≤ m, we know the kth smallest element is in the 1st partition.
If k == m+1, we know the kth smallest element IS the pivot.
Otherwise, the kth smallest element is in the 2nd partition. 35 44 20 42 45 88 61 99 67 71
Size m:
if (k ≤ m) the kth smallest
element is in here.
Size n-m-1:
if (k > m) the kth smallest
element is in here.
if (k==m+1)
We know the kth smalles is the pivot

13. Quickselect Algorithm: Quickselect(A, low, high, k):
m=Partition(A, low, high) // m is how many values are less than the partition element.
if k≤m, return Quickselect(low, low+m-1, k)
if k==m+1 return the pivot, A[low+m]
else return Quickselect(low+m+1, high, k-m-1)
So instead of doing 2 recursive calls, w only make one here.
It turns out that on average Quickselect takes O(n) time, which is far better than it’s worst case performace of O(n2) time.

14. Quickselect Analysis
Shown on the board

15. Shellsort
Although this doesn’t have the fastest running time of all the sorting algorithms...
It is fairly competitive with Quick and Merge sort for fairly decent sized data sets.
The basic idea:
Instead of sorting all the elements at once, sort a small set of them
Such as every 5th element (you can use insertion sort)
Then sort every 3rd element, etc.
Finally sort all the elements using insertion sort.
Rationale:
A small insertion sort is quite efficient.
A larger insertion sort can be efficient, if the elements are already “close” to sorted order.
By doing the smaller insertion sorts, the elements do get closer to in order before the larger insertions are done.

16. Shellsort example 12 4 3 9 18 7 2 17 13 1 5 6 12 4 3 9 18 7 2 17 13 1 5 6
Sort every 5th element: 5 2 3 9 1 7 4 17 13 18 12 6 5 2 3 9 1 7 4 17 13 18 12 6
Sort every 3rd element: 4 1 3 5 2 6 9 12 7 18 17 13
Final a normal insertion sort: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 12 13 17 18
Notice that by the time we do this last insertion sort, most elements don’t have a long way to go before being inserted.

17. Shellsort – choosing increments
Do we always do a 5,3,1 sort?
No, in general shell sort will ALWAYS work as long as the last “pass” is a 1-sort.
What tends to work well is if each of the values in the increment sequence are in a geometric series.
i.e. 1,2,4,8,16, etc.
The initial passes will be really quick, O(n).
It turns out, in practice a geometric ratio of 2.2 produces the best results.
The actual average case analysis of this sort is too difficult to derive,
But it can be shown with experimental results to indicate an average running time of O(n1.25).
Dependent on the gap sequence.

18. Counting Sort
In counting sort, we know that each of the values being sorted are in the range from 0 to m inclusive.
We use this information to count the occurrences of each value.
Here is the algorithm for sorting an array a[0], …, a[n-1]:
Create an auxiliary C, indexed from 0 to m, and initialize each value to 0.
Run through the input array A, incrementing the number of occurrences of each value 0 through m by adding +1 to the appropriate index in C. (Thus C is a frequency array)
Run through the array C, a 2nd time so that the value stored in each array slot represents the # of elements ≤ the index value in the original array A.
Now, run through the original input array A, and for each value in A, use the auxiliary array C, to tell you the proper placement of that value in the sorted input, which be a new array B.
Copy the sorted array B into A.

19. Counting Sort Example
Consider the input array to sort. There are values from 0 to 6
Index: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A:
First, create the frequency array C:
Index: 1 2 3 4 5 6 C:
Now we want to change C so that each array element stores
the # of values less than or equal to the given index - 1:
Index: 1 2 3 4 5 6 C: -1 7
Now that C is completed, we can start…

20. Counting Sort Example Original array: Frequency array:
Index: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A:
Frequency array:
Index: 1 2 3 4 5 6 C: -1 7
Now that C is completed,
We can start putting the elements in A in their correct spot in B:
Start with A[7], which contains 4.
Since C[ A[7]] = C[4] = 6, this means there are 6 elements ≤ 4,
thus 4 should be place in index 6 of the output array, B[6]:
Index: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B:
Update C: We must decrement C[4] so that the next time we place a 4, it’s in a new location.
Index: 1 2 3 4 5 6 C: -1 7

21. Counting Sort Example
Finish on the board

22. Counting Sort Note: Counting sort is a stable sort Another note:
This means that ties in the original input stay in the same relative order after being sorted.
For example, the last 4 in the input will be in array index 6 of the output, the second to last 4 in the input will be in array index 5 of the output, and the 4 in array index 3 of the input will be placed in index 4 of the output.
So there was no unnecessary switching of equal values.
Another note:
After getting the frequency array, why didn’t we just loop through each index in C and place each corresponding number in the array A directly?
i.e. Since C[1]=1 originally, why not just place a 1 in A[0] and A[1] and move on…
The reason is these numbers may be keys with associated data with them, and this approach would place the keys, but not all of the data.

23. Counting Sort Analysis
O(n+k), Best, Worst, and Average runtime
where n is the length of the input array and
k is the length of the counting array.

24. Radix Sort
The input to this sort must be non-negative integers all of a fixed length of digits.
For example, numbers in the range100 – 999 or – 9999, have numbers of a fixed length of digits.
The sort works as follows:
Sort the values using a O(n) stable sort on the kth most significant digit.
Decrement k by 1.
Repeat step 1. (Unless k=0, they you’re done.

25. Radix Sort Example Unsorted 235 162 734 175 237 674 628 Sort digits
Sort tens
628
734
235
237
162
674
175
Sort hundreds
162
175
235
237
628
674
734

26. Radix Sort Analysis The running time of this sort should be O(nk)
Since we do k stable sorts that each run O(n) time.
Where k is the number of digits.
(A stable sort is one where if two values being sorted, say vi and vj are equal, and vi comes before vj in the unsorted list, then vi will STILL come before vj in the sorted list.)
Depending on how many digits the numbers are, this sort can be more efficient than any O(n log n) sort, depending on the range of values.

27. Radix Sort
Question:
Would it work the other way around, namely from most significant digit to least significant digit?

28. A lower time bound for comparison based sorting
Shown on the board