2. DAT2343 Comparison of The LMC and General Computer Models © Alan T. Pinck / Algonquin College; 2003

3. Storage Encoding LMC Decimal (10 code levels for smallest storage signal) General Computer Binary (2 code levels for smallest storage signal

4. Storage Units LMC 3 decimal digits = LMC word no provision for positive or negative sign no provision for character encoding (no LMC “byte”) General Computer typically 32-bit (varies) = GC word single bit commonly used as a sign indicator character encoding: typically 8 bit = GC byte (ASCII/EBCDIC)

5. Mailboxes / Memory LMC one LMC word (single elements never span multiple mailboxes) only RAM type of memory General Computer byte (several sequential byte locations may be combined to form a larger unit both RAM and ROM types of memory

6. Mailbox/Memory Addressing LMC 100 addresses starting at 0 absolute addressing direct addressing only General Computer (typically) millions of addresses starting at 0 usually some form of base plus offset address both direct and indirect (indexed) addressing

7. Addressing Modes LMC direct (actual address is part of instruction) absolute (actual, unmodified address) General Computer may be direct or the address may be supplied within a register (indirect) often a direct offset added to an indirect base required to get absolute address

8. System Start/Reset LMC resets counter to 00 starts the LM instruction cycle from a possible SLEEP state General Computer resets instruction pointer to some fixed address (may or may not be address 0) starts processor instruction cycle from possibly HALT state

9. Instruction Cycle LMC read and remembers instruction at counter increment counter by 1 lookup and perform operation based on instruction just read repeat General Computer copies instruction at instruction pointer (possibly multiple bytes) into instruction register increment instruction pointer by length of instruction select operation circuit using op field of instruction repeat

10. Instruction Cycle Sequencing LMC LM remembers and performs activities in required sequence General Computer

11. Instruction Format LMC first digit : op code second & third digits: one of direct address op code extension ignored General Computer first byte (or bit field): op code subsequent bytes/bit fields: may be multiple of register ID address immediate value

12. Operation Lookup/Selection LMC LM compares op code of instruction remembered to table of operations on wall. General Computer op code bit pattern from instruction register is feed through a selector circuit to activate appropriate operation circuit

13. Calculator / Registers LMC single calculator / value combined with value from mailbox: only ADD and SUBT I/O (port) source/destination General Computer multiple registers / values (typically 4 to 16) combined with value from another register or from memory: ADD, SUBT, MULT, DIV and others I/O port source/destination

14. Indicators / Flags LMC indicators on calculator Positive (or Zero) Zero Negative only modified by arithmetic operations General Computer one set of flags for all registers (typically) Zero Carry Sign Overflow only modified by certain operations

15. Input and Output LMC one input and one output port no status or control IO ports available all IO through calculator General Computer multiple input and output ports, identified by a port address typically status and IO ports associated with device data port IO through one particular register

16. “Standard” Operations Missing from the LMC “Advanced” arithmetic (multiplication, division, etc.) Shift, Rotate, and Boolean operations Subroutine Call and Return (except in limited form in “son of LMC” Conditional Jumps (conditional skips required instead)

17. End of Lecture