1. Physical Feature of Europe
Unit 4: Chapter 12

2. Physical Features of Europe
- is a continent that is made up of many peninsulas
- Europe is a peninsula
Peninsula: a body of land surrounded on 3 side by water
- In many of the peninsulas there are Fjords:
Fjords: U-shaped valleys that connect to the sea, they are caused by glaciers that once slid across land

3. Peninsulas Peninsulas:
* peninsulas are important to trade and commerce due to the easy access to the ocean and other major bodies of water
- in the north there are 2 major peninsulas

4. Northern Peninsulas
1) Scandinavian Peninsula- portions of Norway and Sweden that are surrounded by the Norwegian Sea, North Sea, and Baltic Sea.
2) Jutland Peninsula- largest part of Denmark and smaller part of Germany

7. Jutland Peninsula

8. Southern Peninsulas - in the south there are 3 major peninsulas
1) Iberian Peninsula- makes up Spain and Portugal, and is blocked off by the Pyrenees Mountains
2) Italian Peninsula- makes up Italy and is shaped like a boot
3) Balkan Peninsula- very mountainous peninsula bordered by the Adriatic Sea

9. Iberian Peninsula

10. Italian Peninsula

11. Balkan Peninsula

12. Mountains of Europe Mountains:
- mountains are an important part of geography in Europe, think of them as walls that separate people, ideas, and goods.
- they are also barriers for weather and climate
- also they create tourist opportunities for the economy

13. Mountains of Europe 1) Alps: are the most famous of Europe
- they run across France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria
- they separate Italy from Europe
2) Pyrenees Mtns:
- wall like mountains that separate Spain and Portugal from France
- boundary for the Iberian Peninsula

14. Alps

15. Alp Mtns

16. Pyrenees Mtn

17. Mountains of Europe 3)Apennine Mtns:
- run down the Italian Peninsula and separate east and west parts of Italy
4)Balkan Mtns:
- these mountains block off the Balkan Peninsula

18. River System of Europe Rivers:
- rivers of Europe serve many purposes, one major purpose is transportation.
Rhine River: flows 820 miles north from the interior of Europe, and empties into the North Sea
Danube River: flows almost 2,000 miles and touches 9 countries as it flows from the interior of Europe into the Black Sea.

19. Plains of Europe Plains:
- 33% of Europe is suitable for growing crops (11% of the world’s plains)
- one major plain:
1) Northern European Plain-
- cuts across parts of France, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, and Poland

20. Resources of Europe Resources:
- Europe has many dense forests and many mineral resources and energy resources
- 2 major mineral resources:
1) Coal
2) Iron Ore
- energy resources: include natural gas and oil found in the North Sea.

21. Ireland: Unique Case * Ireland is unique in Energy Resources:
- they don’t have forests or coal deposits so for some of their energy they rely on Peat Moss:
Peat Moss- is partially decade plant matter found in bogs and is burned for fuel

23. Climate/Vegetation

24. Climate
Climate:
- Europe is divided when it comes to climate there are
* Warm coastlines
* Harsh interior weather
- most of Europe has a marine west climate, which means warm summers and cool winters
- depends on latitude

25. *Warm Coast Lines
- caused by the North Atlantic Drift: current of warm water from the Atlantic that flows close to the coastline bringing warm air and warmer temperatures.

26. * Harsh Interior ° hot and dry summers but cold snowy winters
- harsh interior comes from different latitudes
° hot and dry summers but cold snowy winters

27. Mediterranean Climate
- borders the Mediterranean Sea and has mild and dry temperatures
- the Alp Mtns block the cold winds from the north
- also warm due to the Sirocco: which are warm winds that blow from north Africa
- this form of climate allows for the growth of olives, grapes and other major crops in

29. Human-Environment Interaction
“God creates the world, but the Dutch created Holland”
- 40% of the Netherlands was once under sea water
- land was reclaimed by a system of Polders
Polders: is the draining of water from an area and then a dike is built to keep water out.
- Dutch also use Terpens, which are high- earthen platforms that protect from sea currents.

32. Waterways of Venice:
- Venice, Italy was built on a swamp with many rivers/canals flowing around it.
-120 islands make up Venice, so to get around the city you either walk or take a boat.
- due to the weight of the city and the lowlands it was built on Venice is sinking and creating water pollution due to the boats.