1. Chapter 8 Rise of Islam 600-1200

2. The Origins of Islam The Arabian Peninsula Before Muhammad Muhammad in Mecca The Formation of the Umma

3. The Arabian Peninsula Before Muhammad The Arabs in 600 CE lived usually in the Arabian Peninsula, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq It was in these Arab lands that Islam took its shape Nomads in these lands gained income from providing camels, guides, and safe passage through their land

4. The Ka’ba A shrine, the Ka’ba, contained idols Killing was prohibited Some people who lived in Mecca affiliated the shrine with stories of the Christians and Jews They believed Abraham was the man who built the Ka’ba

5. Muhammad in Mecca Born in Mecca in 570 One night, while meditating, Muhammad was spoken to by the angel Gabriel who told him revelations about their Lord He shared his revelations at first only with close friends and family He claimed to hear the words of God

6. The Formation of the Umma Muhammad- threat to leaders Muhammad and his followers fled to Medina in 622; this marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar The Meccan migrants in Medina bound themselves into a Umma Umma: a community defined solely by acceptance of Islam and of Muhammad as the “messenger of God.”

7. 5 Pillars of Islam -Belief in one God -Prayer 5 times a day -Paying alms, -Fasting -One pilgrimage to Mecca in a lifetime Qu’ran

8. Civil War Umma disagreed regarding the succession to the Caliphate After the assassination of the 3rd caliph, civil war struck Rebels from the army nominated Ali to be the new caliph

9. The Umayyad Caliphate The Umayyad Caliphate started when Mu’awiya chose his son to succeed him The Shi’ites believed Ali was the rightful successor and that Ali’s descendants should succeed him The Sunnis considered the caliphs to be cover ups They revolved into Kharijite sects who claimed honor for themselves alone

10. The Fall of the Umayyad Caliphate/ Start of Abbasid The family of Abbas, an uncle of Muhammad, took over and established the Abbasid Caliphate The Abbasid Caliphate held power until 1258

11. Political Fragmentation The Abbasid Decline became apparent in the middle of the 9th century as the conversion to Islam increased Keeping up with a vast empire wasn’t easy The empire was so big that they couldn’t control the people or get word across to other parts of their empire without difficulty

12. Arab Forces During expansion, Arab forces were organized into regular, paid armies Kept military camps and military towns so they didn’t overrun the countryside Arab Muslims became minority-rulers Didn’t try to convert conquered people

13. Literature and Learning Thrived under the Abbasids Translated the Greek texts and secular Arab poetry Baghdad was the center of the Abbasid culture Acceleration of the rate of conversion of non-Muslim subjects to Islam at this time

14. Decline of Abbasid Power 2nd half of the 9th century as the caliphs found it nearly impossible to maintain control over their vast empire Factors: - difficulty of transportation and communication -dissatisfaction of non-Muslim populations

15. Result of Decline 9th century local results carved the Abbasid realm into smaller Muslims states

16. Baghdad Caliphs in Baghdad relied on Turkish slave troops called Mamluks Later in the 9th century, Mamluks were not paid properly

17. The Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate 945- Caliphate under control of Iranian Shi’ite people Abbasid Caliphate declined Various provincial regimes rose to power -Samanids in Bukhara -Fatimids in Egypt

18. Political Diversity Underlying the political diversity of the fragmented Muslim world was a strong sense of religious identity preserved by the religious scholars: The Ulama

19. Assault from Within and Without In Central Asia and the Middle East, a nomad group called the Seljuk Turks took advantage of the decline of the Abbasids to establish the Suljik Sultanate They ruled a territory that stretched from Afghanistan to Baghdad

20. Collapse of Baghdad Their collapse was caused by: -Substantial urbanization -Introduction of citrus crops -Diverse irrigated agricultural sector

21. Crusades The Crusades put some pressure on the Islamic lands There were further invations by: -Turkish in 1250 -Mongols in 13th century

22. Islamic Civilization Law and Dogma

23. Hadith Most important source of law was the traditions of the Prophet (Sunna) as revealed in the reports (hadith) about his words and deeds Islamic specialists on law reviewed tens of thousands of hadith

24. Converts and Cities During early expansion converts to Islam needed to learn about their new religion

25. Urban Life Variation in urban social and religious life was due to no central authority to prescribe religious dogma

26. Academic Advances Significant advances in medicine and astronomy

27. Islam and Women Muslim women were veiled and secluded They could be influential in the family, but only slave women could have public appearance Muslim men feared women committing sexual infidelity or meddling in politics

28. Rights of Muslim Women Right to own property Retain property in marriage Right to divorce and remarry Right to testify in court Right to go on pilgrimage

29. Islam and Slaves Muslims were not permitted to enslave their fellow Muslims, Jews, Christians, or Zoroastrians. (exception: only when taken as prisoners of war) Muslims could and did hold non-Muslim slaves, but the status of slaves was not hereditary

30. Recentering of Islam Decline of Caliphate= no Islam religious center During the 12th and 13th centuries, two sources of religious authority developed: –Madrasas (religious colleges) –Sufi brotherhoods

31. Activity Directions: Match the number and letter that go together. For example, if #1 is letter C, you would write: 1.) C

32. 1. Abbasid Caliphate 2. Umayyad Caliphate 3. Mecca 4. Abraham 5. Ka’ba A. a shrine containing idols B. started when Mu’awiya chose his son to succeed him C. believed to be the man who built the Ka’ba D. where an uncle of Muhammad, took over and established this Caliphate E. the city where Muhammad was born