1. Chapter 6 Ancient Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Roman Republic

2. Section 1 Objective Describe the structure of the Roman Republic and the ways it changed Describe the structure of the Roman Republic and the ways it changed

3. Terms to Define Terms to Define Patrician: wealthy aristocrat class that had come into being in Rome—Latin nobles. Patrician: wealthy aristocrat class that had come into being in Rome—Latin nobles. Republic: a community in which the people elected the leaders. Republic: a community in which the people elected the leaders. Plebian: Most of Rome’s inhabitants, some wealthy, some not, non-aristocratic townspeople and landowners as well as merchants, shopkeepers, small farmers, and laborers. Plebian: Most of Rome’s inhabitants, some wealthy, some not, non-aristocratic townspeople and landowners as well as merchants, shopkeepers, small farmers, and laborers. Consul: Two patrician officials elected for one year terms. They had to consult each other before acting. Consul: Two patrician officials elected for one year terms. They had to consult each other before acting.

4. Terms (con’t) Terms (con’t) Dictator: a leader whose word was law— occurred mostly during times of crisis Dictator: a leader whose word was law— occurred mostly during times of crisis Tribunes: representatives chosen by Plebians, granting them legal protections and the right to veto government decisions Tribunes: representatives chosen by Plebians, granting them legal protections and the right to veto government decisions

5. People to Meet The Etruscans The Etruscans The Latins The Latins Romulus Romulus The Tarquins The Tarquins

6. Places to Locate Italy Italy Sicily Sicily Rome Rome

7. Introduction Greeks settled as colonies 900 B.C. Greeks settled as colonies 900 B.C. Set up farming communities Set up farming communities Planted olive trees and other crops Planted olive trees and other crops Introduced Greek alphabet Introduced Greek alphabet

8. The Italian Peninsula The Greeks were interested in colonizing Italy for several reasons The Greeks were interested in colonizing Italy for several reasons -Central location in the Mediterranean -Rich soil

9. The Italian Peninsula Soiled enriched by silt from mountain runoff -Land to the north cut off by the Apls Mild, moist, climate -Ideally suited for trade among three continents—Europe, Asia, Africa

10. The Italian Peninsula Silt would often clog the rivers Silt would often clog the rivers –Created mosquito infested areas –Epidemics of Malaria, etc

11. Early Inhabitants Generally traded among themselves Generally traded among themselves-Mountains -Rocky coastline -Covered 75% of the country

12. Early Inhabitants Soiled enriched by silt from mountain runoff Soiled enriched by silt from mountain runoff -Land to the north cut off by the Alps -Generally traded among themselves

13. Geographic Problems Silt created swamps which drew mosquitos Silt created swamps which drew mosquitos Marshy coastline wasn’t good for harbors Marshy coastline wasn’t good for harbors

14. Early Peoples Neolithic cultures probably 5000 B.C. Neolithic cultures probably 5000 B.C. People there long before the Greeks arrived or Roman civilization began People there long before the Greeks arrived or Roman civilization began Villages and farms Villages and farms

15. Indo-Europeans Umbrians, Latins (Latium--LAY-shee- uhm--), Oscans Umbrians, Latins (Latium--LAY-shee- uhm--), Oscans Indo-European migrants arrived and overwhelmed the Neolithic peoples on Italian Peninsula 2000-1000 B.C. Indo-European migrants arrived and overwhelmed the Neolithic peoples on Italian Peninsula 2000-1000 B.C.

16. The Etruscans Ruled northern Italy from 900 B.C. to 500 B.C. Ruled northern Italy from 900 B.C. to 500 B.C. Did not speak Indo- European languages Did not speak Indo- European languages Their alphabet came from the Greeks—but only a few Etruscan words have been deciphered Their alphabet came from the Greeks—but only a few Etruscan words have been deciphered

17. The Etruscans (con’t) Etruscans writing baffles scientists Etruscans writing baffles scientists Etruscan art (paintings and sculptures) is expressive, needing no translation Etruscan art (paintings and sculptures) is expressive, needing no translation -dancing, playing, rich and pleasant life

18. The Etruscans The Etruscans…more The Etruscans…more –feasting, conversing, wrestling matches –Triumphant soldiers –Beautiful deities, smile and gesture

19. The Etruscans (con’t) Wealthy overlords Wealthy overlords Aristocratic priests Aristocratic priests Slave labor Slave labor Slaves forced to dual to the death to appease angry gods Slaves forced to dual to the death to appease angry gods Lower classes finally freed themselves— chief among them were the Latins who settled in Rome Lower classes finally freed themselves— chief among them were the Latins who settled in Rome

20. The Etruscans The Latins freed themselves after being offended by the Etruscans The Latins freed themselves after being offended by the Etruscans Son of Etruscan king savages matron, Lucretia Son of Etruscan king savages matron, Lucretia

21. The Rise of Rome--Legend Legend Legend -753 B.C. Romulus was building a wall for his city on the side of a hill overlooking the Tiber River -Twin brother Remus building on the other side of the hill

22. The Rise of Rome According to Roman historian Livy, Remus leaped over the wall built by Romulus and mocked him. According to Roman historian Livy, Remus leaped over the wall built by Romulus and mocked him. Romulus killed Remus warning, “so perish whoever else shall overleap my battlements” Romulus killed Remus warning, “so perish whoever else shall overleap my battlements”

23. Romulus--myth Continued to build Rome—named after him Continued to build Rome—named after him –Romulus—myth—great military commander –Rome continues to expand Rome became the greatest city in that part of the peninsula Rome became the greatest city in that part of the peninsula

24. Rome Origins Latins Latins -Huddled in huts on seven hills -At some point, 800 B.C.-700 B.C., they joined to become one community--Rome

25. Etruscan Rule About 620 B.C., the Etruscan gained control of Rome About 620 B.C., the Etruscan gained control of Rome The Tarquins, name of Etruscan family The Tarquins, name of Etruscan family -Taught the Latins to use brick to build -Drained the lowlands and laid out streets

26. Etruscan Rule Created the Forum in the middle of the city—which became the government building Created the Forum in the middle of the city—which became the government building -Served as kings for Rome

27. The Tarquins Wealthy Etruscan family Wealthy Etruscan family Provided kings for rule Provided kings for rule Taught Romans to built with brick and tile their roofs Taught Romans to built with brick and tile their roofs Drained marsh lands and designed streets Drained marsh lands and designed streets

28. The Tarquins Created a square called the Forum Created a square called the Forum –The seat of government

29. Tarquins Driven Out Tarquin the Proud— very cruel Tarquin the Proud— very cruel Romans drive the Tarquins out Romans drive the Tarquins out Etruscans stay and help Rome prosper Etruscans stay and help Rome prosper Tarquin kings son violates Lacretia Tarquin kings son violates Lacretia

30. Social Groups Latin nobles called “patricians” Latin nobles called “patricians” –Patricians declared Rome a republic –Wealthy aristocrats

31. Social Groups Most of Rome’s inhabitants were plebians, Most of Rome’s inhabitants were plebians, -Both patricians and plebians could vote -Both responsible for serving in military

32. Social Groups Patricians Vote Vote Pay taxes Pay taxes Serve in the military Serve in the military Could hold public office Could hold public office Plebians Vote Vote Pay taxes Pay taxes Serve in the military Serve in the military

33. The Roman Republic Patricians organized Rome’s government into executive and legislative branches Patricians organized Rome’s government into executive and legislative branches Executive Branch Executive Branch –Two consuls assigned day-to-day affairs –One year terms –Each could veto the other –Veto: Latin for “I forbid”

34. The Roman Republic Consuls oversaw other officials Consuls oversaw other officials –Praetors: judges –Censors: keepers of taxes Only a dictator could overrule the consuls Only a dictator could overrule the consuls Dictators appointed in times of crisis Dictators appointed in times of crisis

35. The Roman Republic Legislative Branch Legislative Branch -Assembly of Centuries (named for 100 soldiers) -Senate

36. The Roman Republic Assembly of Centuries Elected from Executive Branch officials Elected from Executive Branch officials Under patrician control Under patrician control Named for military formation Named for military formation Members—100 Members—100 Temporary office Temporary office Little real power Little real power Senate Executive Branch Executive Branch Under Patrician control Under Patrician control Power outweighed Assembly Power outweighed Assembly Members—300 Members—300 Served for life Served for life Advised Consuls Advised Consuls Proposed laws Proposed laws Approved contracts Approved contracts

37. Cincinnatus Most respected dictator Most respected dictator Rival threatened Rome Rival threatened Rome Found plowing his fields Found plowing his fields Led his troops to victory Led his troops to victory Resigned as dictator and returned to his fields within 16 days Resigned as dictator and returned to his fields within 16 days

38. Plebians Against Patricians Plebeians resented power of Patricians Plebeians resented power of Patricians Knew they could not rule without them. Knew they could not rule without them. Plebeians made up most of military forces Plebeians made up most of military forces Patricians concerned about the military Patricians concerned about the military

39. Plebeians Against Patricians Plebeians went on strike Plebeians went on strike Left city create their own republic Left city create their own republic

40. Tribunes Patricians meet some demands Patricians meet some demands –Recognized the Plebeians chosen representatives,“Tribunes” –Granted them legal protections and the right to veto government decisions –Tribunes were members of the Magistrate of Plebeians and had some power

41. Tribunes Patricians recognized the Assembly of Tribes, the body of plebeians that elected tribunes Patricians recognized the Assembly of Tribes, the body of plebeians that elected tribunes Tribunes could veto any government decision Tribunes could veto any government decision

42. Tribunes Could not be arrested Could not be arrested Injuring a Tribune was cause to be put to death Injuring a Tribune was cause to be put to death

43. Old and New Laws Plebeians insisted laws put in writing Plebeians insisted laws put in writing The Twelve Tablets: basis of Roman law The Twelve Tablets: basis of Roman law Plebeians gain right to serve in public office Plebeians gain right to serve in public office Right to make laws in Assembly of Tribes Right to make laws in Assembly of Tribes

44. Changes for Plebeians Debt enslavement ended Debt enslavement ended Patrician/Plebeian marriage approved Patrician/Plebeian marriage approved Plebeians moved Rome closer to democracy Plebeians moved Rome closer to democracy The most significant victory—the Twelve Tables—a written law code The most significant victory—the Twelve Tables—a written law code

45. The Twelve Tables Roman law had rested on unwritten traditions Roman law had rested on unwritten traditions –patrician judges interpreted unfairly –Plebeians insisted laws be written down

46. The Twelve Tables 451 B.C. patricians engraved the laws on 12 bronze tablets set in the Forum 451 B.C. patricians engraved the laws on 12 bronze tablets set in the Forum -standards for laws -principle that citizens protected by law

47. Religion Early Etruscans worshipped “spirits” ultimately seen as gods or deities Early Etruscans worshipped “spirits” ultimately seen as gods or deities Adopted practice of foretelling the future Adopted practice of foretelling the future

48. Religion Priests known as soothsayers Priests known as soothsayers Watched flight of birds or intestines of animals to gain knowledge of future Watched flight of birds or intestines of animals to gain knowledge of future

49. Religion Roman influenced by Greek culture Roman influenced by Greek culture 500 years as a republic 500 years as a republic Borrowed Greek deities giving them Roman names Borrowed Greek deities giving them Roman names -Aphrodite, Greek goddess of love, became the Roman goddess, Venus -Ares, Greek god of war, became Mars - Etc. - Etc.

50. Religion (con’t) Families privately worshipped their ancestral spirits and their storeroom guardians Families privately worshipped their ancestral spirits and their storeroom guardians Worshipped Vesta, goddess of the hearth Worshipped Vesta, goddess of the hearth

51. Family The basic unit of roman society The basic unit of roman society Large and close knit Large and close knit Unmarried children, married sons and their family, all independent relatives, and household slaves Unmarried children, married sons and their family, all independent relatives, and household slaves The father was the absolute head The father was the absolute head

52. Father as Absolute Family Head Conducted religious ceremonies Conducted religious ceremonies Controlled property Controlled property Supervised education of his sons Supervised education of his sons Could sell his family members into slavery Could sell his family members into slavery Could kill family members Could kill family members However, fathers felt deep sense of responsibility for family However, fathers felt deep sense of responsibility for family

53. Roman Women Few rights, but more than Greek women Few rights, but more than Greek women Hosted parties, did marketing, ran households Hosted parties, did marketing, ran households Occasionally, acquired property and businesses Occasionally, acquired property and businesses Could study art, Greek literature, etc Could study art, Greek literature, etc Wealthy could let slaves do work Wealthy could let slaves do work

54. Roman Children Firm discipline Firm discipline Complete family loyalty Complete family loyalty

55. Parental Training Parents taught children reading, writing, and moral standards Parents taught children reading, writing, and moral standards Fathers trained boys: farmers and soldiers Fathers trained boys: farmers and soldiers Mothers taught daughters to run households Mothers taught daughters to run households

56. Values Thrift Thrift Discipline Discipline Self-sacrifice Self-sacrifice Devotion to family Devotion to family Devotion to the republic Devotion to the republic