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CHAPTER 11 Physical Geography of Europe
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Seas, Peninsulas, and Islands Most of land within 300 miles of seacoast— how does this affect life? 25% of Neth. Lies below sea level Dikes—hold back water Polders—reclaimed land (windmills) Great for farming
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Northern Peninsulas Scandinavian Peninsula Glaciation—formed and spread Fjords—long, narrow inlets Norway, Sweden are mountainous—lakes Jutland Peninsula—Denmark (plains, hills)
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Southern Peninsulas Iberian Peninsula Southwest edge—Spain and Portugal Strait of Gibraltar Plateau, Pyrenees Mountains (isolation) Apennine Peninsula—Italy Apennine Mountains—young mountains Mt. Vesuvius SE Europe—Balkan Peninsula
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Isolation Apennine Peninsula Straight of Gibraltar Da Boot
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Balkan Peninsula
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Europe’s Islands Iceland—south of Arctic Circle Volcanoes, hot springs, geysers (glaciers) Grassy lowlands along coast, inland plateau British Isles Great Britain and Ireland (thousands of other islands) North—mountains, plateaus, deep valleys South—low hills, rolling plains Ireland—Emerald Isle (lush green land
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Iceland
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United Kingdom Ireland Me
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Islands cont. South—Mediterranean Sea Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Crete, and Cyprus Volcanoes and earthquakes Mt. Etna—highest active volcano in Sicily Greece—2,000 islands Very sunny, lots of tourism
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Mountain Regions Southern mountains—Pyrenees Alps—Southern France to Balkan Peninsula Major rivers (Rhine and Po) originate in Alps Carpathians—eastern Europe
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Swiss Alps Carpathian Mts
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Plains North European Plain (Great European Plain) SE England & western France to Poland Fertile soil and rivers (loess—fine soil) Deposits of coal, iron ore, and other minerals led to industrialization in 1800s Great Hungarian Plain Hungary to Croatia—grains, fruits, vegetables, livestock
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Great European Plain
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Water System Flow from mountains to coasts Great transportation Rhine—Swiss Alps through France and Germany (connect industrial cities) Danube—Germany to Black Sea
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Natural Resources Utilize natural resources Energy, agriculture, water, minerals Coal and iron ore fueled industrial revolution Peat—moss burned for energy in some locations France—nuclear power (no oil reserves)
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Pete cutting Peat Natural resources map on page 263
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Section 2: Climate and Vegetation Water and Land Climates and Veg. vary cold to warm North Latitudes—very cold Location of sea—warm maritime winds—mild climates Vegetation forests to grasslands
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Western Europe Marine West Coast Climate—mild winters, cool summers, abundant rainfall Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift bring warm waters (and westerlies)
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Trees and Highlands Western Europe vegetation Deciduous and coniferous trees Timberline—cannot grow Alps—colder, Foehns cause avalanches Ireland’s Forests Depleted forests—agriculture and need for wood left only 1% of land forests
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Southern Europe Mediterranean climate Warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters Cold winds from Alps—mistral Warm winds from northern Africa—siroccos
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Eastern and Northern Europe Humid continental climate—cold, snowy winters and hot summers Coniferous and deciduous trees, grasslands in eastern Europe Far North, subarctic and tundra—permafrost— frozen below surface (little vegetation)
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