1. C H A P T E R Innisfree McKinnon University of Oregon © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture Outline 6 Quebec

2. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Objectives Environmental Setting –Setting & economic patterns –Natural hazards Historical Settlement –Anglophones, Francophones, Allophones –Contributions of indigenous peoples to French settlement –Upper & Lower Canada –Montreal vs. Quebec advantages & disadvantages for settlement –Long lot system vs metes & bounds –Treaty of Paris & Seven Years' War –Quebec & French identity

3. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Objectives Political Economy –Primary production Culture, People, Places –3 pillars of Quebec nationalism –Sense of place & cultural landscapes –Montreal as cultural capital & center for diversity –Maintaining French heritage

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5. The Canadian Shield Some of the oldest rocks in N. America Flat to rolling terrain Impacted by glaciation Many bogs, marshes, lakes

6. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Southeastern Quebec & Gaspe Peninsula Appalachian Mountains Highest mountains ~4000 ft

7. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. St. Lawrence River

8. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Climate Long, cold winters Ice storms & blizzards common Short, mild summers Year round precipitation Continental climate

9. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Loss of permafrost Decreasing snow & ice Decreasing connections to traditional culture Climate Change in Northern Quebec

10. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Very little agriculture Significant forestry Extensive mineral deposits –Iron –Aluminum Many navigable rivers Natural Hazards & Economic Geography Poor soil Rugged terrain Harsh climate

11. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Language & Cultural Divides in Quebec Francophones ~ 80% pop. –85% live in Montreal Anglophones Allophones = mostly immigrants

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13. Exploration – Northwest Passage John Cabot 1497 Jacques Cartier 1534 Native pop. pre-contact ~500,000 ~90% reduction in pop. by 1800

14. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. French Settlement 1608 Samuel Champlain founds Quebec City 1750 French pop. 60,000 Relatively few migrants Catholic families had many children Fur Trading Close connections to native peoples

15. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. French vs. British Settlement Patterns French Seigneurial system = feudal Land owned by seigneurs Peasant tenant farmers Long lot system British Settlers = individuals & families Colonies Metes & bounds

16. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Long lot system

17. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Seven Years' War 1756-1764 France and Britain struggled for control Native groups allied with one side Iroquois supported Great Britain Algonquins & Hurons supported France Treaty of Paris Set up conditions for Revolutionary War

18. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Farming Centered on lowlands along St. Lawrence River Early settlers farmed wheat Later turned to diverse crops –Hay, potatoes, apples, oats, dairy, sugar beets, vegetables

19. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Major Primary sector Activities Forestry Mining (asbestos, aluminum) Trapping Fishing

20. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Food production Aluminum smelting Wood & paper products Durable consumer goods Iron & Steel Chemical production Industry & Urban Growth

21. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Canadian Development & the French Identity 1841 Act of Union –Merged French & English areas into one place –The dominion of Canada 1867 British North America Act –Established Canadian independence Quebec remains dominantly French 19 th & early 20 th centuries growing English speaking pop. across Canada

22. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Quebecois Nationalism 1950s & 60s predicted French-Canadian assimilation into English-dominant Canada Quebecois activists emerge 3 pillars of Quebecois nationalism –The French Language –Roman Catholic Church –French legal and political traditions

23. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Secession Movement The Quiet Revolution 1955 Richard's Riot Late 1960s Parti Quebecois established 1976 PQ won a majority in parliament 1987 Meech Lake Accord Referendums on separation in 1995, 2003

24. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Hockey & Ethnic Identity

25. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Sense of place & cultural landscape Catholic cultural landscape French place names

26. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Estrie (Eastern Townships) Settled by British Loyalists Maple sugar production Forestry & mining Gaspe Peninsula Southern Quebec Appalachian Uplands

27. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Southern Quebec St. Lawrence Valley Core area Major urban centers Montreal Quebec City Commercial centers Industrial headquarters for lumber & mineral production

28. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Northern Quebec 90% of land Canadian shield Very low pop. Little economic development Inuit regional government

29. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Quebec City –Provencal capital –Tourism –Largely Francophone –Upper Town –Lower Town Urban Places

30. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Largest city –(second largest in Canada) Diverse pop. Musical hotspot Urban Places - Montreal

31. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Future of Quebec French-English divide Challenges of diversity Interculturalism vs. multiculturalism Globalization & NAFTA