1. Physical Geography of Europe

2. Europe: A Peninsula of Peninsulas? Or… Europe: A Peninsula of Peninsulas? Or… OROR A Peninsula of Asia?

3. Northern Peninsulas Jutland Peninsula Scandinavian Peninsula

4. Southern Peninsulas Iberian Peninsula Italian Peninsula Balkan Peninsula Anatolean Peninsula Crimean Peninsula

5. 1500 miles Ural Mountains: “The Great Divide”

6. The Ural Mountains

7. Alpine Mountain System The Alps… France, Switzerland, Italy, & Austria NOT a barrier to trade as mountain passages are low.

8. Apennines Mountainous spine of the Italian boot, volcanic activity Vesuvius, Pompeii Mt. Etna, Sicily

9. Fjords Narrow deep inlets of the sea between high rocky cliffs. Carved out by glaciers at the last ice age as the ice retreated Coast of Norway & Iceland Fjords

10. Why are most of the capitals of Europe on major rivers??

11. Capitals on the Rivers (1) Paris, right bank of the Seine London on the Thames Prague on the Vltava Budapest on the Danube

12. Capitals on the Rivers (2) Berlin on the Spree Moscow on the Moscow River Rome on the Tiber Vienna on the Danube

13. Rivers are Europe’s lifeline – A resource, as well as transportation system for goods & people Rivers are Europe’s lifeline – A resource, as well as transportation system for goods & people

14. The Volga River Longest river in Europe = 2,300 miles long. Extremely polluted by the Soviets!!

15. 2 nd longest river in Europe. Important for trade & hydroelectric power. The Danube River

16. Lake Baikal, Siberia The oldest and deepest lake in the world. The oldest and deepest lake in the world. 20% of the world’s total unfrozen water supply. 20% of the world’s total unfrozen water supply.

17. Iceland:Iceland: Volcanoes Volcanoes Hot Springs Hot Springs Geysers Geysers Reykjavik

18. Mediterranean Islands Mountainous Mountainous Polluted waters - estimated it will take 1,000 years to clean up Polluted waters - estimated it will take 1,000 years to clean up Sardinia Cyprus Malta

19. English Channel: Body of water between England & France. Connects the Atlantic Ocean & the North Sea.

20. The “Chunnel Tunnel” "Chunnel" links the UK & France. Chunnel Tunnel: beneath the English Channel. Travel by train or take car on ferry boat.

21. POLDERS

22. Climate

23. Europe’s Latitude v. US

24. North Atlantic Drift The Northern part of Western Europe has a marine west coast climate with mild cool summers and warm winters due to the NAD and prevailing westerly winds.

25. Climate Zones

26. Vegetation Zones

27. Siberia --> Permafrost Average temperatures of January vary from 32 to -58 (winter) and in July from 34 to 77!! e Average temperatures of January vary from 32 to -58 (winter) and in July from 34 to 77!! ePopulation is 40 million (1/4 of the Russian population, yet ¾ of the landmass) e Served as a “gulag” (Soviet prison camp).

28. Environmental Issues in Europe: 1.Acid Rain (Central Europe, Scandinavia – as well as Eastern North America) 2.Air Pollution (United Kingdom) 3.Nuclear Disaster (Chernobyl, Ukraine)

29. Acid Rain Precipitation + pollution = acid rain Cause: burning of coal, gas, & oil by cars, factories, & power plants Harms the environment and… a) damages statues, buildings, & bridges, b) has killed entire fish populations c) can harm forests and soil

30. Air Pollution/Smog Fog + pollution = Smog Destroys plant life Causes breathing problems Causes building materials to deteriorate faster than usual