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November 18, 2008 What caused WWI to begin? Map Discussion M.A.I.N. causes Assassination of the Arch Duke The Battles Homework: Ch. 19 Section 1 Part 2
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Rough Drafts due Dec. 3 rd Things to keep in mind: You always indent the first sentence of each paragraph Never use “I” in a formal paper Proofread your paper and have someone else read it too Do not use contractions (they’re, won’t, don’t, can’t, etc…)
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Terms for Section 1 Militarism, Alliance System, Imperialism, Nationalism Archduke Franz Ferdinand Domino Effect Battle of Marne Battle of Ypres Battle of Verdun Battle of Somme Battle of Tannenburg
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THE GREAT WAR
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Nationalism devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nations Various ethnic groups resented domination by others and longed for independence Small nations looked to larger nations for protection
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Another Look at Nationalism a sense of greatness of who they were patriotism + sense of superiority that calls for the conquering of the inferior
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Imperialism European nations building empires, extending their control over various peoples of the world As Germany industrialized, it competed with France and Britain in a contest for colonies
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By 1890, the strongest nation on the European continent was Germany, which had set up an army reserve system that drafted and trained young men
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Britain was initially alarmed by Germany’s military expansion As an island, British always relied on naval power (strongest in the world)
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Wilhelm II, Germany’s Kaiser, said that his nation should become a major sea power in order to compete successfully against British
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British & German shipyards compete to build the largest battleships and destroyers France, Italy, Japan, & U.S. join naval arms race
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Let’s Meet the Powers Great Britain France Russia Germany Ottoman Empire Austria-Hungary
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Alliance System Designed to keep the balance of power in Europe By 1907 there were two major defense alliances: The Triple Entente (the Allies)- France, Britain, and Russia The Triple Alliance - Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
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Alliances provided international security as nations were reluctant to disturb the balance of power It would later cause a “Great War”
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The “Powder Keg” The Balkan Peninsula: World Powers fighting over land for years Russia wanted warm water route Germany wanted rail link Austria-Hungary wanted to expand France and Great Britain wanted Ottoman Empire to remain
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Events of Leading to War June 28 Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
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July 30 Russia mobilizes; France sends troops close to German border July 31 Germany sends the “Blank Check” to Austria-Hungary
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August 1 France & Germany fully mobilize; Germany declares war on Russia August 3 France and Germany declare war on each other
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August 4 Germany invades Belgium; Great Britain and Belgium declare war on Germany August 6 Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia
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Domino Effect Review: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia Serbia’s big brother (Russia) joins the fight Germany declares war on France Germany attacks through Belgium Great Britain declares war on Germany
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The Schlieffen Plan
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The Pinwheel Movement Germany’s plan of attack Both offensive and defensive Relied on rapid defeat of France Russian army take 6 weeks to mobilize Avoiding two-front war Violated Belgium’s neutrality
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Enticing French by putting men at the border While French focus on them, the largest portion of German army come behind them
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Problems Underestimated Speed of the French Did not understand the difficulty of communication to its many armies Not all commanders going according to plan
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France Plan XVII
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The Plan Recapture land lost in the Lorraine Gap Go south, through the Lorraine Gap, and attack the Germans PROBLEM: Didn’t count on Germans going through Belgium
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The Battles Marne Ypres Verdun Somme Tennenburg
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Battle of the Marne September 5–9, 1914 Marne River, East of Paris Stopped Germany’s rapid advance Prevented the fall of Paris Set the stage for trench warfare
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Battle of Ypres: The first time Germany used chemical weapons on a large scale on the Western Front
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Battle of Verdun Feb. 21–Dec. 18, 1916 Verdun, France, 120 miles east of Paris Demoralized both sides First extensive use of the flamethrower Longest Battle
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Battle of the Somme July 1–Nov. 18, 1916 Somme River, France Drew Germans away from Verdun Tactics became more sophisticated and supply lines became more efficient First use of tanks (British)
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Battle of Tannenberg Russian Empire Versus German Empire 17 August and 2 September 1914. The battle resulted in the almost complete destruction of the Germans Series of battles keeping stalemate on Eastern Front.
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“No Man’s Land” Long strip of land pounded by artillery (the space between the trenches Armies dug rat infested trenches Soldiers charge enemy to be attacked by machine gun fire fighting for yards of land for 3 years
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