2. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit 4Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

3. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit 4.1 How has the urban population in Hong Kong changed?

4. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit

5. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit What are settlements? A place where people live is known as a settlement. ( Rural / Urban ) settlement

6. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit What are rural and urban areas? RuralUrban Population densityLowHigh Height of buildingsLowHigh Density of buildingsLowHigh Major land uses (provide some examples) Farmland, woodland, residential Commercial, industrial, residential Industries that people are engaged in Mainly primary Mainly secondary and tertiary Differences between rural and urban areas There are more than _____% of the population in Hong Kong engaged in secondary and tertiary industries. 99

7. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit Where are the rural and urban areas in Hong Kong? Rural areas are mainly found in the ________________ and ________________. New Territories outlying islands The rural and urban areas in Hong Kong Urban areas are mainly found in ________ Peninsula, ____________ Island and ____________. Kowloon Hong Kong new towns

8. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit Where are the rural and urban areas in Hong Kong? Population density High Low UrbanRural Urban-rural continuum

9. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit What are urban growth and urbanization? Rural population Urban population 1,000 people ( ____% to total population) Rural population Urban population 2,000 people ( ____% to total population) 3,000 people 1,000 people 10 years later Total population: 2,000 peopleTotal population: 5,000 people 50 60 Population of Place A ( Urban growth / Urbanization ) refers to an increase in the actual number of urban population. ( Urban growth / Urbanization ) refers to a percentage increase in the urban population.

10. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit Has Hong Kong experienced urban growth and urbanization? 1961 Total population: 3,130,000 Urban population: 2,754,000 % of urban population: ___% 1976 Total population: 4,402,000 Urban population: 4,050,000 % of urban population: ___% 2007 Total population: 6,953,000 Urban population: 6,603,000 % of urban population: ___% 88 92 95 Calculate the percentage of urban population. Is there any urban growth in this period of time? ( Yes / No ) Is there urbanization in this period of time? ( Yes / No )

11. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit What factors have led to urban growth and urbanization in Hong Kong? 1Rural-urban migration Rural-urban migration In the 1960s and early 1970s, lots of young people moved from ( rural / urban ) areas to ( rural / urban ) areas.

12. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit 1Rural-urban migration Why is there rural-urban migration? Drag the factors shown in the middle to the correct category. If the game cannot work properly, click here to download the latest Adobe Flash Player.click here

13. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit 1Rural-urban migration However, people need to overcome certain obstacles for moving to the urban areas. What are these obstacles? People are unwilling to leave their families and friends... Or have no money.

14. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit What factors have led to urban growth and urbanization in Hong Kong? 1Rural-urban migration However, rural-urban migration was not the major factor causing the rapid increase in the urban population in Hong Kong, because... The percentage of rural population was small (only around 10% during the 1970s). The number of rural migrants involved in migration was small when compared with the size of urban growth. Then, what has been the major source of urban population growth?

15. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit 2Migrants from the mainland of China Year Natural increase (No. of births – No. of deaths) (‘000) Net Migration (No. of immigrants – No. of emigrants) (‘000) Population growth (‘000) Percentage share of net migration to population growth 196768.013.281.216.3 197159.440.7100.140.7 197756.623.980.529.7 198161.931.593.433.7 198743.06.649.613.3 199139.923.463.337.0 199727.522.650.145.1 200115.931.647.566.5 200728.840.068.858.1 In the past decades, have migrants from other places been the main source of urban population growth in Hong Kong? ( Yes / No ) Source: Hong Kong Yearbooks; Hong Kong in Figures (2008 Edition)

16. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit 2Migrants from the mainland of China Year Natural increase (No. of births – No. of deaths) (‘000) Net Migration (No. of immigrants – No. of emigrants) (‘000) Population growth (‘000) Percentage share of net migration to population growth 196768.013.281.216.3 197159.440.7100.140.7 197756.623.980.529.7 198161.931.593.433.7 198743.06.649.613.3 199139.923.463.337.0 199727.522.650.145.1 200115.931.647.566.5 200728.840.068.858.1 Among these migrants, most of them come from the mainland of China, because... Source: Hong Kong Yearbooks; Hong Kong in Figures (2008 Edition)

17. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit What factors have led to urban growth and urbanization in Hong Kong? 2 Migrants from the mainland of China 1946-9: Civil War 1960s to 1970s 1990s After 1997 A large influx of ( illegal / legal ) migrants from the mainland Allowing a fixed amount of mainland residents to move to Hong Kong Allowing 150 mainland residents to come to live in Hong Kong daily after the handover in 1997

18. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit What factors have led to urban growth and urbanization in Hong Kong? 3 Natural increase 1960s to 1970s: ( Low / High ) birth rate ( Low / High ) death rate ( Low / High ) natural increase rate Birth and death rates in Hong Kong, 1966-2007 Source: Census and Statistics Department

19. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit What factors have led to urban growth and urbanization in Hong Kong? 3 Natural increase Since the 1980s: The birth rate has been ( dropping / rising ) to ( lower / higher ) level. The death rate is ( low / high ). The natural increase rate has decreased. Birth and death rates in Hong Kong, 1966-2007 Source: Census and Statistics Department

20. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit Urban area More job opportunities are available in the urban areas! Rural area In Hong Kong, for example, economic development since the 1960s and 1970s has created many job opportunities and has attracted migrants from rural areas and the mainland of China. What are the other causes of urban growth and urbanization? 1Economic development

21. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit What are the other causes of urban growth and urbanization? 2Transport development Poor transport network It takes plenty of time for rural dwellers to get to the urban areas. Urban area Rural area

22. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit What are the other causes of urban growth and urbanization? 2Transport development Well-developed transport network People can migrate easily from rural areas to urban areas. Urban area Rural area

23. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit What are the other causes of urban growth and urbanization? The Zhujiang Delta Region Industrial development The Zhujiang Delta Region As ___________tion proceeds, people living in rural areas may give up their farming jobs and become factory workers. Rural areas will become urban areas. industrializa (Credit: China Features) (Credit: Panorama Stock Photo Co. Ltd.) 3Changing employment opportunities

24. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit What are the other causes of urban growth and urbanization? Reclassification of areas previously defined as rural Village A Village B Village C Urban area

25. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 4 Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive? Quit