1. Announcements  History and Memory is a required text of the class  2/14 - Midterm Papers Due @ start of lecture!  Office Hours – 11:15-12:45 in Lit 354  2/28 – Community Event Reflection due!  3/1 – Email description of creative project to TAs!  What medium? Prose? Poetry? Film? Music? Visual?  List key questions, themes, and texts your project will explore.  2-3 sentences max  3/13 – Creative project due!

2. Lecture 7: The Yellow Peril WWII & Executive Order 9066

3. Issei & Nisei  1880s – begin arriving in HI as Chinese immigration prohibited  were Japanese Mongolian or white?  62% of HI’s total population in 1920 = Asian immigrants  42.7% of HI’s Asian population in 1923 = Japanese immigrants  1890s – first waves to mainland  1882 – only 2,039 Japanese  1902 – 72,257 – majority Issei (first generation)  1922 – 138,834 – Issei and Nisei (second generation)  Pre-WWII – 70% of all mainland Japanese live in CA; largest Asian group in CA

4. Issei: Meiji Sojourners  1853 – Commodore Perry forcibly opens Japan to western trade  1868 – Meiji Restoration unites Japan; high taxes imposed on agriculture to fund Westernization and modernization programs  1884 – Japan allows Hawaiian labor recruiters  1885-1924  200,000 to HI; 180,000 to mainland  Predominantly young males - 60% younger than 30  Better educated and literate than most immigrants at that time because of Meiji compulsory education  Farming but not peasant class  Meiji immigration policies:  Required immigration application & review process  Active encouragement of female immigration to curb problems Chinese encountered

5. Picture Brides & Female Sojourners  1911-1920:  46% of immigrants to Hawaii = female  39% of immigrants to mainland = female  Conditions of immigration:  Women defined more by ties to husband than ties to home  Tradition of arranged marriage & picture bride system  19 th century industrialization in Japan  Meiji compulsory education of women  Hawaiian contract labor policies

6. Japanese American Labor  Hawaiian plantation labor = Inter-ethnic antagonism and pan- Asian unionization  Early 1900s – majority of mainland immigrants = migrant labor & cannery workers  By 1910 – development of mainland Nihonmachi and Japanese businesses  By 1925 – 46% of mainland Japanese were farmers  Contract, share, lease, and ownership methods  Kenjinkai - prefectural-based association; tanomoshi – credit-rotating association ; kobai kumiai – farmer cooperatives; nogyo kumiai – farmer associations  Technological advance of refrigerated cars = increase in demand for fruit & vegetables nationwide

7. Anti-Japanese Backlash  1902 – push to renew Chinese Exclusion Act to include Japanese  Oct 11, 1906 – SF Board of Education attempts to segregate school system; Pres. Theodore Roosevelt intervenes  1908 Gentleman's Agreement  No segregation but Japan agrees to limit # of new immigrants; families can still be reunited  1913 – Alien Land Law passed in CA  1920 – land laws tightened so that American born children of aliens ineligible for citizenship could not lease land  1921 – Ladies Agreement – Japan prohibits picture brides

8. Issei & Nisei – Alien & Citizen  1922 – Ozawa v US – Takao Ozawa attempts to prove fitness for citizenship; denied because non-white  1924 – National Quota Act – targets Japanese immigration; reaffirms exclusion of previous Asian immigrants