1. The EISCAT_3D Science Case: Current Status (Part 1) Ian McCrea (RAL), Anita Aikio (Oulu) and the EISCAT_3D Science Working Group

2. What is EISCAT? International Scientific Association Established agreement since 1975 First observations in 1981 HQ in Kiruna, Sweden

3. EISCAT’s Mission Statement EISCAT aims to make available the necessary knowledge and techniques: To understand the various forms of coupling between the Sun, the terrestrial magnetosphere and the upper atmosphere of the high-latitude regions To understand the plasma physics and dynamics responsible for these interactions To investigate the effects of natural and anthropogenic forcing on the upper atmosphere To facilitate the better monitoring and prediction of these processes

4. Incoherent Scatter Electrons re-radiate the radar signal with random phase. Electron motion follows the thermal fluctuations in the ion gas. If the probing wavelength is longer than the Debye length, the fluctuations dominate the scatter. Radar pick outs towards and away propagating ion-acoustic waves satisfying the Bragg condition.

5. EISCAT Facilities: Mainland UHF Three identical fully steerable dishes, frequencies ~ 928 MHz. Transmit at T, receive at T, K, S Additional reception at 1.42 GHz Increasing problems with mobile phones at remotes Tromsø guaranteed to end of 2013

6. EISCAT Facilities: Mainland VHF Frequency ~224 MHz. Cylindrical paraboloid antenna 120m x 40m Dish in four independent sections Steerable in meridian plane Limited beam-steering in zonal direction Two very large klystrons, only one working

7. EISCAT Facilities: ESR Frequency ~500 MHz. Two dishes: one steerable, one fixed field-aligned Share common transmitter Small “TV Tx” style klystrons Third (Chinese) ESR dish by 2014?

8. EISCAT Facilities: Heater & Dynasondes Heater Frequency 4- 8 MHz Two Tx arrays ERP up to 1.2 GW Advanced ionosondes at Tromsø and ESR

9. Future Systems: EISCAT_3D Successor to EISCAT mainland systems Located in northern Scandinavia Possible construction from 2015 On ESFRI roadmap since 2008 (environment category) Multi-static system using phased arrays Combines: Wide-scale fast beam scanning Small-scale sub-beamwidth imaging High power and sensitivity Continuous low-power operations Flexbility for transmission and reception Re-use of low-frequency astronomy techniques

10. Preparatory Phase WP3: Science Case Work Package Engaging with potential new users Holding targeted workshops Gathering requirements for new science Revising/developing the science case Feeding science demands back to radar design Issuing periodic versions of science case, consistent with the PSD

11. The Science Working Group Convenors: Anita Aikio, Ian McCrea 5-10 members at any time Mix of existing and new EISCAT users Membership rotates annually Cover a wide range of science topics Atmospheric science, space weather & modelling Two meetings with each committee, email exchanges in between

12. Science Case: Version 1.0 Published June 30 th 2011 Executive Summary Introduction to EISCAT_3D The Science Case: – Atmospheric physics and global change – Space and plasma physics – Solar system science – Space weather and service applications – Radar techniques, coding and analysis

13. Key Capabilities  The most sophisticated research radar ever!  Five key capabilities:  Volumetric imaging and tracking  Aperture Synthesis imaging  Multistatic, multi-beam configuration  Greatly improved sensitivity  Transmitter flexibility  These abilities never before combined in a single radar

14. Volumetric Imaging Image a broad three-dimensional field-of-view Quasi-simultaneous horizontal structure (as well as vertical) Rapid scanning or post beam-forming

15. Aperture Synthesis Imaging Imaging concept already developed by UiT on the ESR system Extended to a modular array for EISCAT_3D type array and demonstrated at Jicamarca

16. Improved Flexibility and Sensitivity Large, fully digital aperture Very flexible transmitter State-of-the-art digital processing

17. Flexible Experiments Continuous, unattended operations Multiple, interleaved experiments Intelligent scheduling – www.eiscat3d.se/drupal/content/vision-eiscat3d

18. Interleaving and Adaptation Multiple simultaneous modes Different applications – ISR (specific v general purpose) – Satellites/space debris – Astronomy/Solar system What happens to scheduling? – “Intelligent scheduling” – Trigger points? – Tom Grydeland’s vision…

19. New coding techniques: Polyphase codes, amplitude modulation, aperiodic codes Antenna coding techniques Automated strategies to identify and track objects and events Intelligent techniques to control scheduling and interleaving of experiments Radar techniques, coding and analysis: Topics covered

20. New analysis methods Analysed tau8 from standard GUISDAP (left) and directly from raw samples (right). One minute resolution.

21. Radar techniques, coding and analysis: Planned Activities Markku Lehtinen’s “Handbook” has developed full theory of measurement principles for phased arrays Implementation of general purpose experiments at Tromsø Use of LOFAR as an open technology platform Development of data handling techniques for very large data sets Contribute to e-infrastructure development for the space weather community

22. Space Weather and Service Applications: Topics Covered Identification and study of ionospheric structures capable of affecting communications and position-finding Use of EISCAT_3D data for nowcasting, validation and constraint of ionospheric models Combination of data and modelling for ionospheric forecasting and as a tool to respond to space weather alerts Ground-based support for geospace science missions (e.g. SWARM)

23. Space Weather and Service Applications: Key Issues Regular space debris observations (e.g. for ESA SSA) Validation of space debris models Potential for improvements in forecast/acquisition capabilities Long-period continuous observations provide basis data for all kinds of models Real-time predictions and status reports in response to community needs

24. Engagement with SW Operations Getting from radar data to operational space weather products and services - Targeted radar operations for SW studies - Observations in response to SW events - Direct data assimilation into models, value added data This needs direct engagement with the operational user community

26. INFRA-2012-1.1.27. Research Infrastructures for space weather A project under this topic should aim at integrating the key research infrastructures in Europe for the observation and study of the ionosphere and magnetosphere. Infrastructures of relevance include the European Incoherent Scatter radar system (EISCAT) and other incoherent scatter radar systems, satellites, solar ground based-observatories, ionospheric sounders, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers and ground magnetometers. The project will facilitate access to these research infrastructures and to standardized and validated observational data in particular real-time data. The research supported in this field should result in models and databases that also could be a basis for operational forecasts and warnings to society. 30M EURO for call heading (competitive between 27 proposals)

27. Hand over to Anita......

29. INFRA-2012-3.1: International cooperation with the USA on common data policies and standards relevant to global research infrastructures in the environment field The project to be supported under this topic should aim at the development of common data policies and standards in the field of environmental research, in particular related (but not exclusively) to space weather facilities (two examples of such facilities are EISCAT (EU) and AMISR (USA)), atmospheric observatories (ICOS (EU), NEON (USA)), ocean observatories (EMSO (EU), OOI (USA)) or tectonics-related observatories (EPOS (EU), Earthscope (USA)). The project should assist in the creation of a long-term sustainable framework (i.e. full life cycle of data) for the coordination of actions at global level, as well as address interoperability (including compliance with GEOSS principles), harmonisation of data formats, data validation and curation. The project should clearly describe its complementarity and collaboration with the correspondent USA project(s) that is or may be funded by NSF. The outcomes should be readily extendable to other international communities wishing to join the initiative. When appropriate, the work should build on and extend the activities of existing European projects in the field. 2M Euro call.

30. How to use this much complexity? How to trade coverage v time resolution v observation density? What is the optimal use of our computing resources? When and how do we change what we are doing?

31. Monostatic or Locally Bistatic? Advantages of monostatic Single system, less to maintain Traditional way of making radars Cheaper, if the antenna is the cost driver Advantages of local bistatic No T/R switch – less complexity More flexible and extensible Advantages if the antennas don’t drive the cost

32. Timetable of Activities Current WG members: Mark Clilverd, Markus Rapp, Yasonobu Ogawa, Kjellmar Oksavik, Asta Pellinen-Wannberg. First Meeting: FMI Helsinki 14/1/2011 (also Kirsti Kauristie and Pekka Verronen) Second Meeting: Uppsala 17/5/2011 (also Stephan Buchert and Thomas Leyser) followed by one-day atmospheric science workshop First version of the science case published in Month 9 (June) Next roll of WG: Space Weather and Modelling Annual reports each year Science Case is a “living document” - final version in month 48