1. Regional Interactions

2. Japan Mountainous Archipelago (chain of islands) Four Main Islands Close to China and Korea Sea of Japan or the East Sea is between Japan and the Asian Mainland

3. Chinese Influence on Japan Writing Architecture Buddhism

4. Shinto Ethnic religion unique to Japan Importance of natural features, forces of nature, and ancestors State religion; worship of the emperor Coexistence with Buddhism

5. African Kingdoms Axum (Aksum) Eastern Africa Location near the Red Sea and the Nile River Located in modern day Ethiopia Only early African Kingdom that practiced Christianity

6. West African Kingdoms Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were all located near the Niger River and Sahara Desert Traded Gold and Salt along the Trans-Saharan trade routes Timbuktu was center of learning Islamic

8. Zimbabwe Located between the Limpopo and the Zambezi Rivers City of “Great Zimbabwe” was the capital of a prosperous empire

9. Mayan Civilization Mexican & Central American Rain Forests Chichen Itza – Major City City States ruled by Kings Polytheistic: Pyramids Economy: Agriculture & Tribute from conquered people

10. Aztec Civilization Arid valley in central Mexico Tenochtitlan – Major city Ruled by an emperor Polytheistic: Rituals, Pyramids Economy: Agriculture, Tributes from conquered peoples

11. Meso-American Achievements Calendars Math Writing and other record-keeping systems QUIPO

12. Rise of Nation States - England William the Conqueror Norman Conquest (French) Battle of Hastings Common Law started under Henry II Magna Carta Signed by King John Limited King’s power Hundred Years’ War England vs. France Defined England as a Nation Evolution of Parliament

13. Rise of Nation States - France Hugh Capet Established French throne in Paris Expanded control over most of France Hundred Years’ War Helped define France as a nation Joan of Arc Message from God Defeated English at Orleans Unifying factor for French

14. Rise of Nation States - Spain Ferdinand & Isabella “Reconquesta” Unified Spain Expelled the Moors and the Jews Unified as a Catholic Nation Charles V Expanded the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere

15. Rise of Nation States - Russia Ivan the Great Refused to pay tribute to the Mongols Centralized power in Moscow Expanded the nation Power was centralized in the hands of the tsar The Orthodox Church influenced unification

16. Key events of the Crusdades Pope Urban’s Speech Call to arms Promised Salvation Capture of Jerusalem Founding of Crusader States Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin Sack of Constantinople by Western Crusaders

17. Effects of the Crusades Weakened the power of the Pope & Nobles Strengthened the Monarch Stimulated trade w/ the Middle East Demand for new goods Trade through Middle East and Mediterranean Sea Legacy of bitterness between Jews, Christians, and Muslims Weakened Byzantine Empire

18. The Mongols Invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states in Southwest Destroyed cities and countrysides Created an Empire

19. Constantinople Fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 This ended the Byzantine Empire Became the capital of the Ottoman Empire Changed the name to Istanbul

20. Impact of the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) Population Decline Reduction in Labor Force Towns freed from Feudal Obligations Decline in Church Influence Disruption of Trade

21. Renaissance in Italy Medieval Art & Literature focused on the Church & Salvation Renaissance Art & Literature focused on individuals and secular (worldly) matters, along with Christianity Wealth of independent Italian City States through trade Increase in Banking and Credit

22. Art & Literature in Italy Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa The Last Supper Michaelangelo David Ceiling of the Sisten Chapel Petrarch Sonnets, humanist scholarship

23. Humanism Celebrated the Individual Stimulated the study of classical Greek and Roman Literature and Culture (Greco-Roman) Supported by wealthy Patrons

24. The Northern Renaissance Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas Merged Humanist Ideals w/ Christianity Moveable type printing press, productino and Sales of Books spread ideas and literacy Johan Gutenberg Gutenberg Bible

25. Northern Renaissance Writers Erasmus The Praise of Folly (1511) Sir Thomas More Utopia (1516) Northern Renaissance artists portrayed both religious and secular (worldly) subjects