1. Coach Williams Room 310B

2.  Marine Environment

3.  Objectives: ◦ Explain how shoreline features are formed and modified by marine processes. ◦ Describe the major erosional and depositional shoreline features.

4.  Headlands: land that sticks out into ocean  Wave refraction: shallow water causes waves to bend  Beaches: eroded headland materials  Erosion causes: ◦ Cliffs, sea-stacks/arches, platforms, sea caves

6.  Sloping band of sand, pebbles, gravel, mud at the edge of the sea  Erosion & sediments ◦ Rocky coast = pebbles ◦ Volcanic rock (Hawaii) = black sand ◦ Corals/seashells = white sand

8.  Where freshwater river/stream enters ocean  Freshwater & saltwater mix

9.  Longshore bar: sand bar  Longshore current: current parallel to shore  Moves sediments  Rip currents: current out to sea through gap in sand bar

11.  Erosion/sediments causes change  Spits: narrow sand that sticks out in water  Barrier Island: long ridges of sand apart from the mainland  Lagoon: body of water behind barrier islands  Tombolo: strip of sand that connects mainland and island

16.  Artificial structures ◦ Seawalls, groins, jetties, break-waters  Protect properties, beaches, etc…  Causes loss of sediments on beaches

18.  Global warming: rise ◦ Melts ice ◦ Water expands  Plate tectonics ◦ Uplifts/sinking ◦ Emergent coasts: uplift of coasts

19.  Objectives: ◦ Explain the reason for the existence of continents and ocean basins. ◦ Compare the major geologic features of continental margins and ocean basins. ◦ Describe the different types of marine sediments and their origin.

20.  Sonar/satellite imaging  Topography

21.  Continental margin: submerged part of continent ◦ Cont. Shelf ◦ Cont. Slope ◦ Cont. Rise

23.  Shallowest part of continental margin  Average depth: 130m  Was covered by water after ice age  Fishing  Oil, natural gas

24.  Sloping region beyond shelf  True edge of continent  Turbidity currents: currents along bottom of sea. ◦ Fast moving; lots of sediment ◦ Cut canyons along slope  Cont. rise: slope of deposits at base of slope

25.  Deeper parts of ocean floor  60% of Earth’s surface  Abyssal plains: smooth parts of basin  Deep-Sea trenches: long depressions on basin  Mid-Ocean ridges: chains of underwater mountains on ocean basin (volcanoes)  Hydrothermal vents: hole in the seafloor where heated fluids erupt (magma)

30.  Most of mountains on seafloor: extinct volcanoes  Seamounts: submerged volcanoes higher than 1km  Guyots: submerged volcanoes with flat tops

31.  Most are from land  Mud/sand by rivers  Dust/volcanic ash by wind  Ocean currents  Ooze: sediments from once-living organisms  Manganese nodules: sediment from valuable metals (looks like potatoes)