2. Chemistry Ions

3. Red and Green are opposites Assume red and green cancel each other net color = neutral

4. take away one rednet color = 1 green

5. take away two rednet color = 2 green

6. net color ? = 2 green

7. net color = 2 red Add two red

8. green is trapped inside. Only red balls can be added or taken away… in this arrangement …

9. color = 2 greenTake away two red

10. color = 1 red Net colour?

11. color = ? 3 red

12. color = ? 3 green

14. Subatomic Particles (Table 2.1)

15. + + + + + the particles that make up atoms have either positive or negative charge In order to understand what ions are, we need to know that…

16. +++++ Positive and negative are opposites they cancel each other out Therefore, the net charge = zero

17. + the positive (+) particle is called a proton

18. the negative (-) particle is called an electron

19. +++++ In an atom, protons ( ) are in the center and electrons ( ) are on the outside + only electrons ( ) can be added or taken away

20. +++++ This is an atom with 5 electrons and 5 protons the atom is neutral net charge = zero Equal “+” and “-” charges

21. +++++ 5 (-) and 5 (+) = zero charge (neutral)

22. +++++ = - 1 (one minus) charge = ?

23. +++++ +2 ( two plus ) charge = ?

24. WHEN REMOVING ELECTRONS THE RESULTING CHARGE IS POSITIVE neutral 1+ We are now LESS negative = MORE positive

25. THE RESULTING CHARGE IS NEGATIVE neutral 2 WHEN ADDING ELECTRONS We are now MORE negative = LESS positive

26. An atom with positive or negative charge is called an drum roll ION

27. Atoms without charge are called ATOMS Atoms with positive or negative charge are called IONS

28. Notice that ONLY the number of e - changes The number of protons in an Atom NEVER changes – They are trapped inside the nucleus (Only electrons are added or subtracted)

29. An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net positive or negative charge. cation  ion with a positive charge. If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons it becomes a cation. anion  ion with a negative charge. If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons it becomes an anion. Na 11 protons 11 electrons Na + 11 protons 10 electrons Cl 17 protons 17 electrons Cl - 17 protons 18 electrons

30. How do we know what charge our ion will have???? We need to look at our Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams -Most atoms on their own will form ions to complete their outer orbit (energy level)

31. Fluorine

32. Put simply - An atom wants to have a full outer orbit (2 for He, 8 for others). To do this they can either: -Lose 1 or more electrons (cation +) -Loses outer orbit Or -Gain 1 or more electrons (anion -) -Fills outer orbit

33. How do you know which it will be? It will be whatever is easier -If it has 1 valence electron it will lose 1 and lose its outer orbit  easier to lose 1 than gain 7 - If it has 7 valence electrons it will gain 1 to get 8  easier to gain 1 then lose 7!

34. Ions We will only be dealing with groups: 1, 2, 13, 15, 16, 17 **Generally speaking, elements on the left (metals and metalloids) will lose e’ to form cations while elements on the right (non-metals) will gain e’ to form anions **

35. The shortcut! -Look at your periodic table -Ignore the transition metals, the carbon family and Boron -Overtop of the groups write how many electrons they will lose or gain to have a complete outer orbit  8 (or 2 for H and He) -Write whether it will lose the electrons (+) or gain (-) **Remember, gaining electrons gives a “-” charge** -Example, Be – will lose two to shed its outer orbit = Be +2 +1 +2 +3 -3-2

36. 10 n 0 How to properly draw ions - Draw Bohr- Rutherford Diagram Include protons and neutrons in nucleus Put square brackets around diagram Place charge top right

37. Naming Ions Positive Ions – The name is the same as the name of the element followed by ion e.g. Na+ = Sodium Ion Negative Ions – The name is determined by removing the end and adding ide e.g. Oxygen Ion = Oxide ion, Phosphorus Ion = Phosphide ion

38. Multivalent Ions -Mostly involves transition metals (Copper, Iron) but also includes Tin (Sn) as well as a few others -Multiple charges are possible therefore you need more information

39. Multivalent Ions – Write the name given the symbol Multivalent Ions – Write the name and Roman Numerals -If you are given the Symbol with the charge you can write the name but you must include the roman numeral which represents the charge - E.g. Cu 4+ = Copper (IV) ion - Ni 3+ = Nickel (III) ion -** I=1, II=2, III=3, IV=4, V=5, VI=6, VII=7

40. Multivalent Ions – Write the Symbol given the name -The Roman Numeral in the name represents the charge on the ion -E.g. Lead (IV) ion = Pb 4+ -Cobalt (II) ion= Co 2+ -**Multivalent Ions will always be positive because they are metals

42. Ions make up the salt you put on your eggs in the morning Ions are required for your brain to function (ions allow you to see and understand this presentation) Ions keep you alive by controlling your pH Ions allow you to move (are also called electrolytes as seen in all sports drinks)