2. The Periodic Table: Tour of the Periodic Table – Key Terms Main-group elements – ones in s- and p-blocks of the table that are called representative elements because they have a wide range of properties. Main-group elements – ones in s- and p-blocks of the table that are called representative elements because they have a wide range of properties. See Figure 5 on page 124. See Figure 5 on page 124.

3. Key Terms 2 Main group elements have special sub groups like alkali metals (Group 1), alkaline-earth metals (Group 2), halogens (Group 17) & noble gases (Group 18). Main group elements have special sub groups like alkali metals (Group 1), alkaline-earth metals (Group 2), halogens (Group 17) & noble gases (Group 18). See Fig. 6 pg 125 for alkali metals which react with water to make alkaline solutions (pH > 7.0). See Fig. 6 pg 125 for alkali metals which react with water to make alkaline solutions (pH > 7.0).

4. Key Terms 3 Alkali metals can be cut by a knife but lose the newly exposed shiny surface because the metal reacts with H 2 O & O in the air. Alkali metals can be cut by a knife but lose the newly exposed shiny surface because the metal reacts with H 2 O & O in the air. See Table 3 page 125 for their physical properties. See Table 3 page 125 for their physical properties.

5. Key Terms 4 These metals are very reactive because they only have 1 valence electron, and losing it results in a stable electron configuration. These metals are very reactive because they only have 1 valence electron, and losing it results in a stable electron configuration. Transition metal – one that bonds with electrons in its inner shell before its outer shell Transition metal – one that bonds with electrons in its inner shell before its outer shell

6. Key Terms 5 Ductile – squeezable into wire Ductile – squeezable into wire Alloy – solid or liquid mixture of 2 or more metals Alloy – solid or liquid mixture of 2 or more metals Lanthanide – member of the rare- earth series with an atomic # bet- ween 58 (cerium) & 71 (lutetium) Lanthanide – member of the rare- earth series with an atomic # bet- ween 58 (cerium) & 71 (lutetium)

7. Key Terms 6 Actinide – any element of the actinide series where its atomic number falls between 89 (actinium, Ac) through 103 (lawrencium, Lr) Actinide – any element of the actinide series where its atomic number falls between 89 (actinium, Ac) through 103 (lawrencium, Lr)

8. Tour of the Periodic Table: Things To Do Locate the different families of main-group elements on the periodic table. Locate the different families of main-group elements on the periodic table. Describe their characteristic properties and relate these to their electron configurations. Describe their characteristic properties and relate these to their electron configurations.

9. Things To Do 2 Locate other metals on the periodic table. Locate other metals on the periodic table. Describe their characteristic properties and relate these to their electron configurations. Describe their characteristic properties and relate these to their electron configurations.

10. Tour of the Periodic Table – Main Group Elements S- & p-block elements with regu- lar electron configurations (EC). S- & p-block elements with regu- lar electron configurations (EC). Same group = same # of valence electrons whose configurations are ns 1 to ns 2 p 6. Same group = same # of valence electrons whose configurations are ns 1 to ns 2 p 6. Here, n is the series or row #. Here, n is the series or row #.

11. Main Group Elements 2 Row # doubles as the energy level & principal quantum #. Row # doubles as the energy level & principal quantum #. For example, a Row 3 Group 2 element (Mg) would have an EC of 3s 2. For example, a Row 3 Group 2 element (Mg) would have an EC of 3s 2. Group 16 in this row (Sulfur) would have an EC of 3s 2 3p 4. Group 16 in this row (Sulfur) would have an EC of 3s 2 3p 4.

12. Main Group Elements 3 Since these elements are in the s- & p-blocks, their valence electrons occupy s & p orbitals. Since these elements are in the s- & p-blocks, their valence electrons occupy s & p orbitals. Group 2 alkaline-earth metals are slightly less reactive because they have 2 valence electrons. Group 2 alkaline-earth metals are slightly less reactive because they have 2 valence electrons.

13. Main Group Elements 4 It takes more time and energy to lose 2 electrons than one. It takes more time and energy to lose 2 electrons than one. Group 17 Halogens are very reactive because they need only 1 valence electron to have a full outermost energy level. Group 17 Halogens are very reactive because they need only 1 valence electron to have a full outermost energy level.

14. Main Group Elements 5 Groups 1 & 17 are alike in needing to move only one valence electron. Groups 1 & 17 are alike in needing to move only one valence electron. However the 1 st group loses but the 2 nd one gains an electron. However the 1 st group loses but the 2 nd one gains an electron.

15. Main Group Elements 6 Halogens are the most reactive nonmetals & react with metals to form salts like NaCl. Halogens are the most reactive nonmetals & react with metals to form salts like NaCl. Calcium is the best know alkaline- earth (Group 2) metal; it’s in bone, limestone, marble & teeth. Calcium is the best know alkaline- earth (Group 2) metal; it’s in bone, limestone, marble & teeth.

16. Main Group Elements 7 Noble gases in group 18 are mostly unreactive not inert. Noble gases in group 18 are mostly unreactive not inert. They have a full outermost energy levels but can be made to react under extreme circumstances. They have a full outermost energy levels but can be made to react under extreme circumstances.

17. Main Group Elements 8 The strong stability and resultant low reactivity allow special uses like filling blimps. The strong stability and resultant low reactivity allow special uses like filling blimps. H is in a solo class because it is the most common element. H is in a solo class because it is the most common element. H’s used to make ammonia, NH 3, which is used to make fertilizer. H’s used to make ammonia, NH 3, which is used to make fertilizer.

18. Most Elements Are Metals Study Figure 11 on page 128. Study Figure 11 on page 128. Metals share many properties like being great heat and electricity conductors, ductile & malleable. Metals share many properties like being great heat and electricity conductors, ductile & malleable. Transition metals are in the center of the periodic table, Groups 3-12. Transition metals are in the center of the periodic table, Groups 3-12.

19. Most Elements Are Metals 2 Groups of transition metals or d- block elements do not have the same # of valence electrons. Groups of transition metals or d- block elements do not have the same # of valence electrons. HOWEVER, THE SUM OF THE OUTER d & s ELECTRONS = THE GROUP #. HOWEVER, THE SUM OF THE OUTER d & s ELECTRONS = THE GROUP #. They can lose 1 to 3 valence electrons, have lower reactivity than Groups 1-2 metals but keep other metal properties. They can lose 1 to 3 valence electrons, have lower reactivity than Groups 1-2 metals but keep other metal properties.

20. Most Elements Are Metals 3 Lanthanides & actinides fill f- orbitals but are placed toward the bottom of the table in two rows to keep the table narrow. Lanthanides & actinides fill f- orbitals but are placed toward the bottom of the table in two rows to keep the table narrow. Lanthanides = name of the 1 st of these rows because in it elements have atomic #’s that follow lanthanum. Lanthanides = name of the 1 st of these rows because in it elements have atomic #’s that follow lanthanum.

21. Most Elements Are Metals 4 Actinides = name because elements in the row beneath lanthanides have atomic #’s that follow actinium. Actinides = name because elements in the row beneath lanthanides have atomic #’s that follow actinium. Left to right in these rows, electrons get added to 4f-orbitals in the lanthanides but 5f ones in the actinides. Left to right in these rows, electrons get added to 4f-orbitals in the lanthanides but 5f ones in the actinides.

22. Most Elements Are Metals 5 For actinides, the nuclear structure is more important than electron configuration. For actinides, the nuclear structure is more important than electron configuration. This is because their nuclei are unstable, and as a result they spontaneously break apart & cause radioactivity. This is because their nuclei are unstable, and as a result they spontaneously break apart & cause radioactivity. Uranium is the best-known actinide. Uranium is the best-known actinide.

23. Most Elements Are Metals 6 Some other properties of metals include widely varying melting points with the highest (W, 4322˚C) and among the lowest ones (Hg, -39˚C). Some other properties of metals include widely varying melting points with the highest (W, 4322˚C) and among the lowest ones (Hg, -39˚C). They can be mixed to make alloys that eliminate the disadvantages of the solo metals. They can be mixed to make alloys that eliminate the disadvantages of the solo metals.

24. Most Elements Are Metals 7 For example, brass is Cu & Zn, which is harder than Cu and more resistant to corrosion. For example, brass is Cu & Zn, which is harder than Cu and more resistant to corrosion. Sterling silver is mostly Ag with a little Cu. Sterling silver is mostly Ag with a little Cu. Steel is mostly Fe but has 0.2% - 1.5% carbon atoms & usually tiny amounts of other elements like Mn and Ni. Steel is mostly Fe but has 0.2% - 1.5% carbon atoms & usually tiny amounts of other elements like Mn and Ni.

25. Most Elements Are Metals 8 Consider finding an element in nature still in its pure elemental state. Consider finding an element in nature still in its pure elemental state. What does this reveal about its reactivity? What does this reveal about its reactivity?