1. OB: What are ions, how do they form, why do they form, what happens once they form? Take out your reference tables, open to the Periodic Table.

2. All atoms are neutral because they have equal numbers of protons and electrons. The + charges = the ― charges. All atoms “like” to be neutral, so this is okay. (peasants are okay being peasants too)

3. All atoms would “prefer” to be more like noble gases when it comes to electron configurations. Given a chance, they will lose or gain some electrons to get that “fancy” noble gas electron configuration. (peasants also sorta wish they were more noble-like) Noble gases are “noble” because they have completely full electron orbitals. “Noble like means won’t bond, like the nobles of thrones and castles don’t mix with the peasants. Noble gases do not bond because they don’t need to share their electrons with other atoms to “get” full orbitals. They don’t want to lose electrons or gain any either. They’re “perfect” already.

4. Atoms will lose or gain electrons to get a noble gas electron configuration. That’s called being ISOELECTRIC with a noble gas. Isoelectric DOES NOT MEAN becomes a noble gas, it means getting a noble gas electron configuration for itself, by losing (or gaining) electrons. Let’s look at our standard atom, sodium. Na 2-8-1 This atom has 11 p +, 11e ―, and is neutral. It’s willing to give up this neutrality for a noble gas electron configuration. *metals always LOSE electrons when they form ions

5. Na 2-8-1 will LOSE one electron, which will give it an electron configuration of 2-8, which is just like neon, a noble gas. Since electrons are negatively charged, it becomes Na +1 The sodium + ion, with 11 p +, but only 10 e ―, which gives it an over all charge of +1 Written like this: Na +1

6. Metal atoms will lose one, two or three electrons to get the same electron configuration as a noble gas. They will end up with a +1, +2, or +3 charge if they lose one, two, or three electrons. Or Non Metal atoms will gain one, two or three electrons to be ISOELECTRIC with a noble gas. They will end up with a -1, -2, or -3 charge if they gain 1, 2 or 3 electrons. Ions form when a metal can lose electrons and give them to a non metal that can gain the same electrons. Let’s figure out what’s happening

7. Atom symbolAtom e - configIon e - configIon symbol Li Na K Rb Be Mg Ca Al First, let’s fill in the red atom electron configurations

8. Atom symbolAtom e - configIon e - configIon symbol Li2-1 Na2-8-1 K2-8-8-1 Rb2-8-18-8-1 Be2-2 Mg2-8-2 Ca2-8-8-2 Al2-8-3 Now let’s figure out how many electrons each will lose to become an ION. Fill in the ion electron configurations next.

9. Atom symbolAtom e - configIon e - configIon symbol Li2-12 Na2-8-12-8 K2-8-8-12-8-8 Rb2-8-18-8-12-8-18-8 Be2-22 Mg2-8-22-8 Ca2-8-8-22-8-8 Al2-8-32-8 Last, let’s fill in the symbol for the + ions, and note which noble gas each ion is isoelectric to.

10. Atom symbolAtom e - configIon e - configIon symbol Li2-12Li +1 (He) Na2-8-12-8Na +1 (Ne) K2-8-8-12-8-8K +1 (Ar) Rb2-8-18-8-12-8-18-8Rb +1 (Kr) Be2-22Be +2 (He) Mg2-8-22-8Mg +2 (Ne) Ca2-8-8-22-8-8Ca +2 (Ar) Al2-8-32-8Al +3 (Ne) All ions must have a noble gas electron configuration. MUST.

11. All metals LOSE electrons to become positive ions. POSITIVE IONS are called CATIONS. Metals will lose 1, or 2, or 3 electrons to become cations. They never lose protons or neutrons. They are give up their neutral nature for a positive charge, but get that noble gas electron configuration.

12. Non metals will GAIN electrons to get a noble gas electron configuration. Non metals become negative ions. Non metals become DOG-IONS (kidding) Non metals become ANIONS

14. Atom symbolAtom e - configIon e - configIon symbol F Cl Br I O S N P Let’s fill in the atom electron configurations first.

15. Atom symbolAtom e - configIon e - configIon symbol F2-7 Cl2-8-7 Br2-8-18-7 I2-8-18-18-7 O2-6 S2-8-6 N2-5 P2-8-5 The, figure out how many electrons will be added and do the Ion electron config.

16. Atom symbolAtom e - configIon e - configIon symbol F2-72-8 Cl2-8-72-8-8 Br2-8-18-72-8-18-8 I2-8-18-18-72-8-18-18-8 O2-62-8 S2-8-62-8-8 N2-52-8 P2-8-52-8-8 Finally, Ion symbols, and what noble gas these ANIONS are isoelectric to.

17. Atom symbolAtom e - configIon e - configIon symbol F2-72-8F -1 (Ne) Cl2-8-72-8-8Cl -1 (Ar) Br2-8-18-72-8-18-8Br -1 (Kr) I2-8-18-18-72-8-18-18-8I -1 (Xe) O2-62-8O -2 (Ne) S2-8-62-8-8S -2 (Ar) N2-52-8N -3 (Ne) P2-8-52-8-8P -3 (Ar) All ions must have a noble gas configuration.

18. Metals lose electrons becoming cations. Non-metals gain electrons becoming anions. Cations and anions will bond together, the attraction between the positive and negative is great. The bonding requires a balance of positive + negative: for example, Table salt, sodium chloride, NaCl requires only one chlorine anion for each sodium cation (+1 and -1). Magnesium oxide (+2 and -2) also require a 1:1 ratio of cations to anions. Think about sodium oxide.