1. Prohibition In the U.S. Ends! (1933) Reading for NEXT Tuesday: Chapter 7 sections 1-3 Reading for NEXT Tuesday: Chapter 7 sections 1-3 Homework 6 – Due Tuesday 2/24/15 Homework 6 – Due Tuesday 2/24/15 Chapter 6 #'s 8, 10, 12, 22, 26, 30, 32, 34, 36, 48, 50, 54, 58, 60, 63, 64, 71-74 (all) (on ly assignment from chapter 6) Chapter 6 #'s 8, 10, 12, 22, 26, 30, 32, 34, 36, 48, 50, 54, 58, 60, 63, 64, 71-74 (all) (on ly assignment from chapter 6) Exam 1 Thursday Exam 1 Thursday Quiz 2 the following Tuesday Quiz 2 the following Tuesday

2. IONS!!

3. Atoms vs. Ions Atoms are !!!!! Atoms are NEUTRAL!!!!! This means that they have zero charge This means that they have zero charge #p + = #e - #p + = #e -

4. Charge!!! e - = p + = 1 + 0 47 e - = -47 47 p + = 47 + 0 When #p + = #e -, the atom has no charge and is neutral

5. Atoms vs. Ions Atoms can gain or lose e - to form IONS Atoms can gain or lose e - to form IONS ANY charged particle is called an ANY charged particle is called an ion Losing e - gives charge Losing e - gives POSITIVELY charge

6. 10 e - =11 e - = Charge!!! When an atom LOSES electrons -10 11 p + = 11 +1

7. Atoms vs. Ions Atoms can gain or lose e - to form IONS Atoms can gain or lose e - to form IONS ANY charged particle is called an ANY charged particle is called an ion Losing e - gives charge Losing e - gives POSITIVELY charge Called Called cations Usually formed from metals Usually formed from metals Gaining e - gives a charged ion Gaining e - gives a NEGATIVELY charged ion

8. Atoms vs. Ions Atoms can gain or lose e - to form IONS Atoms can gain or lose e - to form IONS ANY charged particle is called an ANY charged particle is called an ion Losing e - gives charge Losing e - gives POSITIVELY charge Called Called cations Usually formed from metals Usually formed from metals Gaining e - gives a charged ion Gaining e - gives a NEGATIVELY charged ion Called Called anions Usually formed from non-metals Usually formed from non-metals

9. 10 e - = Charge!!! When an atom LOSES electrons -10 11 p + = 11 +1 16 e - =18 e - = -18 16 p + = 16 -2 When an atom GAINS electrons

10. Atoms vs. Ions Atoms can gain or lose e - to form IONS Atoms can gain or lose e - to form IONS ANY charged particle is called an ANY charged particle is called an ion Losing e - gives charge Losing e - gives POSITIVELY charge Called Called cations Usually formed from metals Usually formed from metals Gaining e - gives a charged ion Gaining e - gives a NEGATIVELY charged ion Called Called anions Usually formed from non-metals Usually formed from non-metals

11. 15 protons How many electrons are needed to be neutral?

12. 15 protons2 electrons

13. 15 protons10 electrons

14. 15 protons 15 electrons Total charge = 0 Stable!!!

15. Valence electrons are the outermost electrons

16. 15 protons 18 electrons Total charge = p + - e - = 15 – 18 = -3 Stable!!

17. 12 protons How many electrons are needed to be neutral?

18. 12 protons2 electrons

19. 12 protons 10 electrons

20. 12 protons 12 electrons Total charge = 0 STABLE!

22. 12 protons 10 electrons Total charge = p + - e - = 12 – 10 = +2

23. 12 protons 10 electrons Total charge = p + - e - = 12 – 10 = +2 STABLE!

24. 1) number of protons and electrons are equal Quick Rehash… atoms are stable when: 2) when the valence shell is full e - are found in shells outside the nucleus atoms will either gain or lose valence electrons in order to have a full outer shell e - are found in shells outside the nucleus 1) number of protons and electrons are equal 2) when the valence shell is full atoms will either gain or lose valence electrons in order to have a full outer shell valence shells hold up to 8 electrons, except for the first shell, which only holds 2 electrons. valence shells hold up to 8 electrons

25. Calculating Charge of an Ion #p + - #e - = ionic charge Atom of chlorine:17 p + 17 e - -=0 charge Ion of chlorine:17 p + 18 e - -=-1 charge Atom of nitrogen:7 p + 7 e - -=0 charge Ion of nitrogen:7 p + 10 e - -=-3 charge Atom of strontium:38 p + 38 e - -=0 charge Ion of strontium:38 p + 36 e - -=+2 charge

26. A Bit of Review Valence electrons Valence electrons Most atoms will gain or lose electrons in order to get a full valence electron shell Most atoms will gain or lose electrons in order to get a full valence electron shell The number of valence electrons in a neutral atom can be found from the periodic table!! The number of valence electrons in a neutral atom can be found from the periodic table!!

37. A Bit of Review Valence electrons Valence electrons Most atoms will gain or lose electrons in order to get a full valence electron shell Most atoms will gain or lose electrons in order to get a full valence electron shell The number of valence electrons in a neutral atom can be found from the periodic table!! The number of valence electrons in a neutral atom can be found from the periodic table!! Octet “rule”: Most elements need 8 e - to have a full valence electron shell Octet “rule”: Most elements need 8 e - to have a full valence electron shell 2 major exceptions: H and He (2 valence e - ) 2 major exceptions: H and He (2 valence e - )

38. Below is a flow chart for the classification of inorganic compounds. Below is a flow chart for the classification of inorganic compounds. Classification of Compounds

39. Types of Compounds Ionic Compound :Formed from ions MUST HAVE A METAL!!!!!!! NaIExamples:W(NO 3 ) 3 Fe 2 S 3 CO 2 Non-examples:P2O5P2O5 XeF 6

40. Types of Compounds Molecular Compound :NOT formed from ions MUST HAVE ONLY NON-METALS!! SO 3 Examples:C 6 H 12 O 6 H2OH2O K 2 SO 4 Non-examples:PtCl 2 Sn(CO 3 ) 2

41. Below is a flow chart for the classification of ions. Below is a flow chart for the classification of ions. Classification of Ions

42. Metal atoms can lose valence electrons and become positively charged cations. Metal atoms can lose valence electrons and become positively charged cations. Cations are named for the parent atom followed by the word “ion.” Cations are named for the parent atom followed by the word “ion.” Na + is named “sodium ion” Na + is named “sodium ion” Al 3+ is named “aluminum ion” Al 3+ is named “aluminum ion” Monoatomic Cations

43. If a metal can form more than one cation, it is named for the parent, followed by the charge in Roman numerals in parentheses, followed by the word “ion.” If a metal can form more than one cation, it is named for the parent, followed by the charge in Roman numerals in parentheses, followed by the word “ion.” Fe 2+ is the iron(II) ion Fe 2+ is the iron(II) ion Fe 3+ is the iron(III) ion Fe 3+ is the iron(III) ion Metals That Form Multiple Ions

44. Nonmetals can gain valence electrons and become negatively charged anions. Nonmetals can gain valence electrons and become negatively charged anions. Monoatomic anions are named by dropping the end of the element name and adding the suffix –ide. Monoatomic anions are named by dropping the end of the element name and adding the suffix –ide. Br - is the bromide ion Br - is the bromide ion O 2- is the oxide ion O 2- is the oxide ion N 3- is the nitride ion N 3- is the nitride ion Monoatomic Anions

45. Did you get it? barium ion +22barium phosphide -35phosphorus aluminum ion +33aluminum iodide 7iodine Ion name Ion charge Valence e - Element

46. Summary of Ions (the letters) Monatomic ions Some charges can be predicted based on group number Some charges can be predicted based on group number 2+ Be

47. Summary of Ions (the letters) Monatomic ions Some charges can be predicted based on group number Some charges can be predicted based on group number Cation name is the same as element name with ion added Cation name is the same as element name with ion added element: zinc (Zn)ion: zinc ion (Zn 2+ ) element: cesium (Cs)ion: cesium ion (Cs + ) Anion name changes ending of element name to ide Anion name changes ending of element name to ide element: nitrogen (N)ion: nitride (N 3- ) element: iodine (I)ion: iodide (I - )

48. Summary of Ions (the letters) Polyatomicion Poly: more than one or many atomic: atoms ion: a positively or negatively charged particle Almost always anions (three exceptions) ammonium -- NH 4 + mercury (I) -- Hg 2 2+ hydronium – H 3 O +

49. Summary of Ions (the letters) Variable Oxidation State metals Charge can NOT be predicted based on periodic table Charge can NOT be predicted based on periodic table ANYTHING IN HERE CAN BE A VOS(ALMOST)

50. Summary of Ions (the letters) Variable Oxidation State metals Charge can NOT be predicted based on periodic table Charge can NOT be predicted based on periodic table Can assume multiple ion charges Can assume multiple ion charges non VOS metal – potassium ion = K + VOS metal – lead ion = Pb 2+ or Pb 4+ The charge of VOS metals MUST be indicated in the name with the use of roman numerals The charge of VOS metals MUST be indicated in the name with the use of roman numerals Pb = lead () ionPb = lead () ion Pb 2+ = lead (II) ionPb 4+ = lead (IV) ion