1. Introduction to Surname Studies

2. What is a surname study? Research of a specific surname as opposed to research of a complete family history

3. Why undertake a surname study? There may be several reasons among which: To solve a genealogical brick-wall in one’s genealogical research To discover the origin of a surname To discover changes in the geographical distribution of the surname

4. What is the meaning of my chosen surname? Could it be derived from a place? (e.g., Lincoln, Bath, Hall) Could it be derived from an occupation? (e.g., Carpenter, Archer, Parsons) Could it be derived from a parent? (e.g., Johnson, Margesson, Andrews) Could it be derived from a nickname? (e.g., Redhead, Armstrong, Bastard)

5. So what is a variant as opposed to a deviant? A variant is the variation of a surname that is adopted and constantly used by a family (e.g. the original family name is Edenborough but a branch of the family breaks away and chooses to spell the surname as Edinburgh) A deviant, however, is the randomly and inconsistently spelt differences of a surname in official documents (e.g., a family known as Edenborough is found to have various spelling inconsistencies recorded in parish registers or census enumerations as Edinboro, Edinborough, Edenborrow depending on who recorded the name (e.g., the census enumerator spelt it how he heard it spoken) True variants are not spelling variations of a surname and deviants are the other spellings of a surname in official records which have been simply misspelt

6. How will I organise my study? It is important to think about how you want to record information found when setting up a study and how you will store that information Information found can include: Text-based material Images Sound Video

7. You may choose to store information with: HINT: Whether you are using a database or a spreadsheet: keep the forename(s) and surname fields separate for everyone separate the date fields into D M Y Record cards and paper Word processing Spreadsheets Databases Family tree programs (lineage linked databases e.g., Family Historian, Legacy) Specialised databases (e.g., Custodian, Clooze) Desktop publishing The worldwide web

8. Family/Lineage Numbering At some stage you will find it becomes necessary to link your stored information to particular people and families This is generally known as lineage or family reconstruction and you will need to think about a naming or numbering system that suits your study As an example, a large Edenborough family tree from Leicestershire is named LEI001 - and two separate trees from Lincolnshire that are not able to be linked are named LIN001 and LIN002. Another family located in Oxfordshire is numbered OXF001 As research continues and another person is confirmed to a specific family they are given the family reconstruction number for future identification

9. How will I collect data? The same way you research your personal genealogy - by looking at the records of: Civil registration Probate Parish registers Electoral rolls Land transactions Directories Census material

10. What software should I use? Whether you use one of the well-known genealogy software programs or just stick with a simple spreadsheet, it is important to choose a software option that suits you! Experiment with a few different programs – many are available to download for a free trial period

11. Analysis What’s the point in undertaking a surname study if you don’t try to analyse at least some of the information gathered Why not analyse: Where has the surname travelled to (migration) Is the surname growing or dying out? Child mortality rates Adult longevity

12. Publication There are many benefits of publicising your study, whether it be a website, blog, newsletter or book, among which: To showcase your work in a form that will attract others to contribute further information To provide a permanent copy of your work To advertise your achievement To confirm or reject previous origins of a surname