1. Renaissance and Reformation

2. The Renaissance
The period from the 1300’s to the 1500’s was a time of great creativity and change in Europe.
This period is called the Renaissance.
The word Renaissance means “rebirth”.
The Renaissance was a golden age in the arts, literature, and sciences.
The Renaissance began in Italy in the mid ’s and then spread northward.
The cities of Italy were thriving centers of trade and manufacturing.

4. New Ways of Thinking
During the Renaissance, Europeans developed a new way of thinking called Humanism.
During the Middle Ages, philosophers and writers had worried about life after death.
Renaissance humanists, on the other hand, were more curious about life in the present.
Another feature of this new way of thinking was an emphasis on the achievements of the individual.
Instead of religious issues, humanist examined worldly subjects that the ancient Greeks and Romans studied.
They hoped to use ancient learning to increase knowledge about their own times.

6. Artistic Achievement
The Renaissance produced some of the greatest paintings, sculptures, and architecture in the history of the world.
Renaissance architects rejected medieval forms of architecture.
They returned to Greek and Roman styles for columns, arches, and domes.
The art of the time reflected humanist ideas.
Renaissance art was very realistic and portrayed contemporary figures.

7. Artistic Achievement
Renaissance artists learned the rules of perspective- or the technique used to give art a three-dimensional effect.
These artists also studied human anatomy and often worked from live models, so that they could portray the body amazingly accurate detail.
Two of the most famous artists of the Renaissance were Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci.

9. Michelangelo Sculptor, engineer, poet, painter, and architect.
Best known for his enormous mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican.
Also known for his sculpture of the biblical character David

10. Statue of David
Sistine Chapel Mural

12. Leonardo Da Vinci
Painter, sculptor, inventor, architect, musician, and engineer
Most famous for his paintings of the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Interested in human anatomy so he studied and dissected human corpses to learn about bones and muscles.
Made preliminary sketches of flying machines and underwater boats

13. Vitruvian Man
Mona Lisa
The Last Supper

14. Raphael Painter Student of Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci
Famous for paintings of the Madonna, mother of Jesus

17. Literary Achievements
Humanism was not only expressed through artwork, but through literature as well.
During the Middle Ages, the few books that were available to the public were written in Latin or Greek (few knew these languages).
In the late Middle Ages, authors began to write books in everyday languages of ordinary people.
Instead of scholarly Greek and Latin, they used Italian, French, English, and other languages.
More people were now able to read.

18. Famous Writers of the Renaissance
Dante
Wrote about a journey through hell and heaven entitled, The Divine Comedy, which was written in Italian.
Cervantes
Spanish writer who wrote Don Quixote, which poked fun at knighthood and chivalry
Shakespeare
Wrote in England around 1600, primarily about human beings and the joys and sorrows of human life.
Machiavelli
Wrote The Prince, which advised rulers on how to gain and maintain power.
He tells rulers they should do whatever is necessary to ensure their success.

19. Impact of the Printing Press
By 1300, papermaking and printing technology had reached Europe from China.
The invention of movable type in the 1400’s led to Johan Gutenberg’s printing of the Bible in Germany in 1456.
The Printing Press was important for the Renaissance and later intellectual development- literacy was increased!

20. Impact of the Printing Press
Books became more available- cheaper and easier to make.
Literacy increased- because books were more readily available, more people learned to read and write.
Ideas spread rapidly- people had access to new knowledge about such subjects as medicine and geography.
Printed Bibles increased the spread of religious ideas.

21. Reformation
During the Renaissance, the Church increasingly became the center of controversy.
Christians of all levels of society accused church officials of being corrupt and greedy.
New calls for reform (change) unleashed forces that would shatter Christian unity.
This movement is known as the Protestant Reformation.
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22. Causes of the Reformation
1.) The Renaissance-
Humanism led people to question Church authority, and faith was put more into human reason.
2.) Strong Monarchs-
Strong national monarchs were emerging, and they sometimes would increase their own power by supporting those who were reformers.
3.) Problems in the Church-
followers of the Church believed that its leaders were acting more like kings, fighting over power and land, rather than representatives of God
Others objected to the Church charging increased fees for marriages and baptisms, and the selling of indulgences, or pardon of sins.

23. Protestant Reformers Martin Luther
By the 1500’s, many Christians wanted to reform the Church.
One such person was a German monk named Martin Luther.
Martin Luther was disgusted over the sale of indulgences by the Church.
Essentially, those who sinned could pay for their sins to be pardoned (forgiven).
In 1517, Luther took action by posting his famous 95 Theses, or 95 arguments against the selling of indulgences on the door of a church in Wittenburg.

24. Martin Luther
Luther believed in the following ideas, which he put into his 95 Thesis;
that individuals would reach heaven only through their faith in God
The Pope could not grant pardon for sins
The Bible was the only source of religious truth
Luther was later excommunicated for his beliefs, however his beliefs spread via the Printing Press.
Followers of Luther became known as Lutherans, and eventually Protestants.

25. Protestant Reformers John Calvin had the following beliefs;
that individuals would reach heaven only through their faith in God
Believed in the idea of predestination, the belief that God had determined before the beginning of time who would gain salvation
His ideas, similar to Luther, spread across Europe

26. Leaders of the Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther
John Calvin
Leaders of the Protestant Reformation

28. The Counter Reformation
As the Protestant Reformation continued to spread, a reform movement was also taking place within the Roman Catholic Church.
That movement was called the Counter Reformation.
The purpose of the Counter Reformation was to strengthen the Catholic Church as well as to keep Catholics from converting to Protestantism.

29. Council of Trent
Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent in to guide the reform movement.
The council, which meant on and off for 20 years, reaffirmed traditional catholic beliefs and worked to end abuses in the Church.
It also set up schools to assure that the clergy would be well educated.

30. Kings Increase Power
As feudalism decreased, Kings slowly began to increase their power.
Royal families began to impose laws and taxes on the nobles living in their kingdom.
In England, under King Henry II, common law, or law that was the same for all people, was introduced.
Henry II also developed early jury system.
A group of men swore to speak the whole truth was gathered by the local officials to oversee a case.
Jury determined what cases would be brought to trial.

31. Effects of the Reformation
Most notably, the Reformation led to the formation of the Protestant churches.
Religious and political divisions- the Reformation created a loss of religious unity in Western Europe.
Religious Conflicts- religious wars sparked in Europe because of the different opinions of religion.
Witch Hunts- sometimes people accused others of being agents of the devil, and thousands of people were put to death for this reason, especially women.

32. Magna Carta
English rulers clashed with nobles and the Church over efforts to extend royal power.
In 1215, the nobility rebelled against King John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta.
The Magna Carta was a charter that placed limits on the king’s power.
This was one of the first efforts to limit the power of kings.
Due to the Magna Carta, monarchs were not allowed to raise taxes without first consulting his Great Council of lords and clergy.