1. Birds Vertebrate Zoology

2. Thecodontosaurus

3. Thecodontosaurus

4. Iguanodon

5. Ingenia

6. Incisivosaurus

7. Archyopteryx 150 mya

9. Archaeopteryx Possible link between birds & reptiles Large skull with reptile like teeth Bones not hollow Claws on forelimbs Long tail Strong legs & rounded wings for gliding Feathers Furculum - fused collarbone or wishbone

10. Hesperonis Fossils 75 mya Large, flightless bird Had teeth like reptiles

11. Ichthyornis Smaller, tern like bird Lived 65-80 mya Had large flight wings

12. Evolution of Birds Evolved from reptiles Few fossils due to lack of preservation of feathers or thin, hollow bones

13. Bird Characteristics Endothermic Feathers = modified scales Pectoral appendages = wings Pelvic appendages = feet Crop & gizzard Air sacs & lungs Counter-current circulation Uric Acid excretion Sexual reproduction

14. Characteristics pg 2 Feathers made of protein called keratin Thin, hollow bones; some bones fused for extra strength Scales on legs Toothless, horny beak Additional air sacs with lungs for more oxygen Four chambered heart Amniotic egg with calcium carbonate shell Oviparity with both parents often caring for eggs

15. Endothermic Warm blooded Ability to generate heat & maintain a constant body temperature Can live in hot or cold climates Requires more food Requires faster body processes to generate heat

16. Feathers Used in many ways Flight Regulation of body temperature (thermoregulation) Protection of the body Attraction of mates Identification of species

17. Feathers Modified scales Provide lift for flight & help conserve body heat

18. Types of Feathers Contour feathers cover the body of a bird and have a strong, hollow shaft and network of hooks. Down feathers are small and are located under the contour feathers to insulate the bird from the cold.

19. Feather Anatomy Rachis – stiff “backbone” of feather Barb – branch off of rachis Barbule – connect barbs Calamus = Quill

22. Contour Feathers Flight feathers = remiges Tail feathers = retrices Act as brakes and a rudder Most birds have 12 tail feathers

23. Contour Feather

24. Lacking Barbules in Owl Feathers = Quiet Flight

25. Preening A bird spends part of each day making minor repairs to tears in its feathers Feathers are re- zipped

26. Preening Zips the Feathers BeforeAfter

27. Feather Growth

28. Down Feathers Soft & fluffy Cover the body of nestlings Provide an undercoat insulating adult bird

29. Filoplumes Called pin feathers Hairlike feathers under contour feathers on body

30. Wings

32. Flight Forces

33. Bernoulli’s Principle

37. Keeled Sternum and Furculum

39. Thermals & Air Currents

40. Feet

43. Digestion – Crop & Gizzard

44. Woodpecker & Honeycreeper Tongues

48. Respiration

50. Counter-Current Circulation

51. Excretion – Uric Acid Uric acid metabolic excretion (Saves water) Urea Ammonia

52. Reproduction

53. Cloaca

55. Egg Shapes

56. Starling Nests

57. Weaver Bird Nest

62. Brood Parasitism Cardinal or Cowbird eggs?

63. Migration

65. Bird Brains