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Pollination and Dispersal
Form and Function
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Pollination Pollination is how gymnosperms (cone-bearing seed plants) and angiosperms (flowering plants) carry out sexual reproduction. Pollen carries the male sex cells from one plant to the next, allowing plants to cross with other plants far away. A vector is a means of moving pollen from plant to plant. Vectors may be wind or animals.
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Wind Pollination All gymnosperms are wind-pollinated.
Flowering plants that are wind-pollinated have flowers that lack showy petals. Anthers and stigma are often long and sticky or feathery.
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Bee Pollination Honeybees seek nectar and pollen.
Bees can see ultraviolet, and home in on flowers that are blue, purple, or have UV markings. They have well- developed sense of smell. Bees prefer flat platform- shaped flowers or large, open tubes.
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Hummingbird Pollination
Hummingbirds seek nectar - LOTS of nectar. Hummingbirds don’t have a good sense of smell. They see orange and red the best. Hummingbirds sip from pendulous tube-shaped flowers that other nectar- feeders can’t access.
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Butterfly Pollination
Butterflies seek nectar. Butterflies are attracted to platform-shaped flowers or clusters of very small, upright, tubular flowers. Butterflies have a keen sense of smell, and can see orange, yellow, blues, and purples.
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Moth Pollination Moths seek nectar.
Moths have a well- developed sense of smell. Moths are attracted to highly-scented, tubular, bright white flowers.
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Who is the Pollinator?
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Unscented, nectar-rich
Scarlet Gilia Unscented, nectar-rich
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Evening-blooming, highly scented
Moonflower Evening-blooming, highly scented
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Aster Nectar and pollen rich
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Ceanothus Pollen rich
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Evening-blooming, highly scented
Nicotiana Evening-blooming, highly scented
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Unscented, nectar-rich
Fuchsia Unscented, nectar-rich
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Good pollen and nectar source
Borage Good pollen and nectar source
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Abundant pollen, good nectar source
Echniacea Abundant pollen, good nectar source
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Good source of nectar and pollen
Asclepias Good source of nectar and pollen
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Good nectar and pollen source
Foxglove Good nectar and pollen source
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Yucca Scented, nectar-rich
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Highly-scented, nectar rich
Buddleia Highly-scented, nectar rich
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Agastache Nectar-rich
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Good source of nectar and pollen
Liatris Good source of nectar and pollen
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Abundant pollen, good nectar source
Rudbeckia Abundant pollen, good nectar source
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Observe these two gardens. What have they been planted to attract?
K T G E H
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Fruit Dispersal
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Dispersal Once a fruit and seeds have formed, it’s essential for the seed to be moved away from the parent plant to avoid competition. As with pollination, seed dispersal involves many different vectors. Adaptations that we see on fruits and seeds helps tell us what the dispersal vector is.
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Ballistic dispersal Some plants disperse their seeds themselves.
Explosive dry fruits that shatter on contact or when shaken throw seeds far from the parent plant. Some fruits use build up hydraulic pressure until they burst.
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Wind dispersal Lightweight dry fruits with wings, parachutes, and similar wind- catching structures can be blown away from the parent plant.
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Water dispersal Hollow, water- resistant fruits can be dispersed long distances by moving water.
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Animal dispersal Two types of fruits are animal dispersed:
Fruits that can cling to fur. Edible fruits whose seeds can go through a digestive system, or may get discarded when the animal eats.
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How is it dispersed?
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Hollow, floating fruits. This tree grows in salt water swamps.
Mangrove Hollow, floating fruits. This tree grows in salt water swamps.
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Fleshy, sweet-tasting fruit with a hard pit.
Cherry Fleshy, sweet-tasting fruit with a hard pit.
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Small, dry fruits have long feathery threads extending from them.
Thistle Small, dry fruits have long feathery threads extending from them.
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Fruits are small, sticky, with small barbs.
Bedstraw Fruits are small, sticky, with small barbs.
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Squirting Cucumber Pressure builds inside of the fruit until it finally pops off of the stem. Juices with slippery seeds squirt out.
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