1. Pollination and Dispersal
Form and Function

2. Pollination
Pollination is how gymnosperms (cone-bearing seed plants) and angiosperms (flowering plants) carry out sexual reproduction.
Pollen carries the male sex cells from one plant to the next, allowing plants to cross with other plants far away.
A vector is a means of moving pollen from plant to plant. Vectors may be wind or animals.

3. Wind Pollination All gymnosperms are wind-pollinated.
Flowering plants that are wind-pollinated have flowers that lack showy petals.
Anthers and stigma are often long and sticky or feathery.

4. Bee Pollination Honeybees seek nectar and pollen.
Bees can see ultraviolet, and home in on flowers that are blue, purple, or have UV markings. They have well- developed sense of smell.
Bees prefer flat platform- shaped flowers or large, open tubes.

5. Hummingbird Pollination
Hummingbirds seek nectar - LOTS of nectar.
Hummingbirds don’t have a good sense of smell. They see orange and red the best.
Hummingbirds sip from pendulous tube-shaped flowers that other nectar- feeders can’t access.

6. Butterfly Pollination
Butterflies seek nectar.
Butterflies are attracted to platform-shaped flowers or clusters of very small, upright, tubular flowers.
Butterflies have a keen sense of smell, and can see orange, yellow, blues, and purples.

7. Moth Pollination Moths seek nectar.
Moths have a well- developed sense of smell.
Moths are attracted to highly-scented, tubular, bright white flowers.

8. Who is the Pollinator?

9. Unscented, nectar-rich
Scarlet Gilia
Unscented, nectar-rich

10. Evening-blooming, highly scented
Moonflower
Evening-blooming, highly scented

11. Aster
Nectar and pollen rich

12. Ceanothus
Pollen rich

13. Evening-blooming, highly scented
Nicotiana
Evening-blooming, highly scented

14. Unscented, nectar-rich
Fuchsia
Unscented, nectar-rich

15. Good pollen and nectar source
Borage
Good pollen and nectar source

16. Abundant pollen, good nectar source
Echniacea
Abundant pollen, good nectar source

17. Good source of nectar and pollen
Asclepias
Good source of nectar and pollen

18. Good nectar and pollen source
Foxglove
Good nectar and pollen source

19. Yucca
Scented, nectar-rich

20. Highly-scented, nectar rich
Buddleia
Highly-scented, nectar rich

21. Agastache
Nectar-rich

22. Good source of nectar and pollen
Liatris
Good source of nectar and pollen

23. Abundant pollen, good nectar source
Rudbeckia
Abundant pollen, good nectar source

24. Observe these two gardens. What have they been planted to attract?K T G E H

25. Fruit Dispersal

26. Dispersal
Once a fruit and seeds have formed, it’s essential for the seed to be moved away from the parent plant to avoid competition.
As with pollination, seed dispersal involves many different vectors.
Adaptations that we see on fruits and seeds helps tell us what the dispersal vector is.

27. Ballistic dispersal Some plants disperse their seeds themselves.
Explosive dry fruits that shatter on contact or when shaken throw seeds far from the parent plant. Some fruits use build up hydraulic pressure until they burst.

28. Wind dispersal
Lightweight dry fruits with wings, parachutes, and similar wind- catching structures can be blown away from the parent plant.

29. Water dispersal
Hollow, water- resistant fruits can be dispersed long distances by moving water.

30. Animal dispersal Two types of fruits are animal dispersed:
Fruits that can cling to fur.
Edible fruits whose seeds can go through a digestive system, or may get discarded when the animal eats.

31. How is it dispersed?

32. Hollow, floating fruits. This tree grows in salt water swamps.
Mangrove
Hollow, floating fruits. This tree grows in salt water swamps.

33. Fleshy, sweet-tasting fruit with a hard pit.
Cherry
Fleshy, sweet-tasting fruit with a hard pit.

34. Small, dry fruits have long feathery threads extending from them.
Thistle
Small, dry fruits have long feathery threads extending from them.

35. Fruits are small, sticky, with small barbs.
Bedstraw
Fruits are small, sticky, with small barbs.

36. Squirting Cucumber
Pressure builds inside of the fruit until it finally pops off of the stem. Juices with slippery seeds squirt out.