1. Concrete Mixture of materials that is molded into a required shape to use in building. – Lighter than regular stone – Strong and Flexible – Fireproof – Cheap Pantheon is the largest unreinforced concrete structure in the world (+2000 years)

2. Siege Weapons Developed by Greeks, but perfected by Romans Ballistae: giant crossbow that can fire large stones Onagers: mini-catapults to launch containers of combustible material, animals, etc… – Biological and Chemical Warfare Onager Ballistae

3. Segmented Arch Didn’t invent it, but improved it Took the arch and broke it up into segments. Increased the length of a bridge Less material was required and water could flow underneath

4. Dome Using the arch to create a 3-D shape Allowed the first open, spacious interiors of buildings yet. Poured concrete into large molds to form a large, light weight structure that could support a larger area. The Pantheon

5. Roads “All Roads Lead To Rome” Many still exist today! – Strong and built to last – Better than today’s roads Built in stages (concrete, sand, flagstones) Built in straight lines – Tunnelled through hills, drained swamps, cut down forests 53,000 miles of roads across the Roman Empire Appian Way

6. Sewers Built by accident, originally an open drainage system for local wetlands Added to over 700 years, no way to tell beginning and the end. Drained into the Tiber River, polluting it with human waste making it unusable for drinking and washing. Eventually, the drainage was covered to reduce smells, unpleasant sights, and disease.

7. Heated Floors Hollow clay columns below a raised floor allowed steam and hot air, pumped from a furnace, to heat the floor above. Heated air then piped through hollow clay tiles in the walls (clay absorbs heat)

8. Aqueduct Long underground pipes and above ground water lines with bridges channeled water from the country to the city of Rome. (Tiber River in Rome was polluted by Sewers) 11 miles – 250 miles long.

9. Water Power Water wheel and toothed gear allowed for the development of – Sawmills (produce wood in large quantities) – Flourmills (grind wheat into finer flour = finer breads) During the siege of Rome in 537 A.D. kept people feed – Turbines (produce energy)

10. Pontoon Bridges Temporary bridges over water. Meant for marching legions quickly over obstacles